&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Giriş&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Taraftar tokenlerinin taraftarların
kulüpleriyle kurdukları bağı göstermesine ve güçlendirmesine olanak sağlayan
bir araç haline gelmesiyle birlikte hem yurt dışında hem de ülkemizde pek çok
spor kulübünün kendisine ait taraftar tokenine sahip olduğunu görüyoruz.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Bu yazımızda taraftar tokenlarını hukuki
perspektiften sizler için analiz ettik.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Taraftar Tokeni Nedir?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">En basit tanımı ile taraftar token, spor
kulüpleri ve taraftarları arasındaki iletişimi geliştiren, taraftarlara söz
hakkı verilerek çeşitli konularda oylamaya katılmalarını sağlayan bir “utility
token (fayda tokeni)” çeşididir. Taraftar tokenleri, adına çıkartıldıkları spor
kulüpleri ile doğrudan ilişkili oldukları için sportif başarı, yönetim
değişikliği, payları borsada işlem görenler için değer değişiklikleri gibi
etkenler bu tokenlerin değerinde yükseliş ve düşüşlere sebep olabilmektedir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Taraftar tokenin temel işlevi, sahibinin
taraftarı olduğu kulüp üzerinde oy hakkı ve çeşitli ayrıcalıklı haklar
kazanmasını sağlamaktır. Token sahiplerinin oy hakkının bulunduğu konular
kulüplere göre farklılık gösterse de genel olarak bu konuların, kulübün ürün
tasarımı, bilet ile ilgili konular, maç yerlerinin seçimi ve oyuncularla
tanışma ile ilgili olduklarını görüyoruz. Elbette bu gibi ayrıcalık ve
avantajların token sahibi taraftarların, destekledikleri kulübün karar alma süreçlerine
daha fazla dahil olmalarının önünü açtığı tartışmasız.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Taraftar Tokenlerinin Hukuki Niteliği&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Öncelikle “token”in bir “kripto varlık”
olduğunu belirtmek gerekir. Türk mevzuatında kripto varlık ise ilk kez
Ödemelerde Kripto Varlıkların Kullanılmamasına Dair Yönetmelik kapsamında
tanımlanmıştır. Bu tanıma göre, dağıtık defter teknolojisi veya benzer bir
teknoloji kullanılarak sanal olarak oluşturulup dijital ağlar üzerinden
dağıtımı yapılan, ancak itibari para, kaydi para, elektronik para, ödeme aracı,
menkul kıymet veya diğer sermaye piyasası aracı olarak nitelendirilmeyen gayri
maddi varlıklar kripto varlıklar olarak kabul edilecektir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Başka bir deyişle, Türk hukuku kapsamında bir
dijital varlığın kripto varlık olarak tanımlanabilmesi için üç temel ilke söz
konusu olur: &lt;/span>&lt;strong>(i)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> maddi olmayan bir varlık olması, &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">(ii)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> dağıtılmış
defter veya benzeri bir teknoloji kullanılarak sanal olarak yaratılmış olması
ve (iii) dijital ağlar üzerinden dağıtılıyor olması.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Kripto varlık olan tokenlerin amaçlarına göre
menkul kıymet tokeni, ödeme tokeni, fayda tokeni (utility token) gibi alt
türleri bulunmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, Taraftar tokenlerin, “utility token” ya da
Türkçe adı ile “fayda tokeni” alt türü kapsamında yer aldığını ifade etmiştik.
Fayda tokenleri aracılığıyla temel olarak kullanıcılar proje geliştiricilerinin
sunduğu hizmetlere ve para ile sahip olmayacakları faydalara erişebilmektedir.
Taraftar tokenları özelinde bu fayda takım oyuncularıyla tanışma, VIP stadyum
gezileri, takım oyuncuları tarafından imzalı çeşitli ürünler kazanılması veya
bazı kararlarda oy hakkının bulunması gibi farklı görünümlerde karşımıza
çıkabilmektedir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Taraftar Tokenleri Çerçevesinde Kurulan
Hukuki İlişkiler&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Taraftar tokeninin halka arzının ilk adımı
token çıkarılan spor kulübü ile token için platform sağlayan şirket arasında
akdedilecek bir iş birliği sözleşmesidir. Tokenin ihraç prosedürü ve tarafların
sorumluluğu bu iş birliği sözleşmesinde belirlenir. Bu sözleşme çerçevesinde
spor kulübü kendi marka değerini ve bu marka değerine bağlı olarak spor
sektöründeki pazar payını iş ortaklığı olan şirkete sunar. Bu kapsamda şirketin
temel edimi ise taraftar tokeninin oluşturulması ve listelenme prosedürünü
yönetmektir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Taraftar tokenler, platform sağlayan çeşitli
şirketler aracılığı ile halka arz edilebilmektedir. Taraftarlar ile kurulan
hukuki ilişki incelendiğinde ise, taraftar tokenin alınması için taraftar ile
token için platform sağlayan şirket arasında bir kullanım sözleşmesi
akdedildiği görülür. Bu kullanım sözleşmesi uyarınca taraftarlar slogan seçimi,
takım otobüsünün tasarımı gibi spor kulübünü ilgilendiren çeşitli meselelerde
oy kullanarak söz sahibi olabilmekte veya çeşitli ödüllere hak
kazanabilmektedir. Ancak, geleneksel halka arzdan farklı olarak taraftar token
sahipleri halka arz edilen tokenler aracılığı ile spor kulübünde pay sahibi
olamaz veya kardan pay elde etmez.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Sonuç&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Spor kulüpleri ve taraftarları kripto
dünyasında buluşturmayı hedefleyen taraftar tokenlerin spor sektöründe oldukça
popüler hale geldiği yadsınamaz bir gerçek. Taraftar tokenler ve bu tokenleri
sağlayan platformlara yönelik henüz bir regülasyon getirilmedi. Bu kapsamda
yukarıda bahsedilen sözleşmesel ilişkiler çerçevesinde tarafların hak ve
yükümlülükleri belirlenmekte. Bununla birlikte, kripto varlıklar hakkında yasal
düzenlemeler hâlihazırda yapılmakta ve bu konuda çalışmalar yürütülmekte.
Taraftar tokenlerin sektörde giderek rağbet görüyor olması sebebiyle kripto
varlıklar için yürütülen bu mevzuat çalışmalarında taraftar tokenlerin de
kendine yer bulması bekleniyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Taraftar tokenlerinin taraftarların kulüpleriyle kurdukları bağı göstermesine ve güçlendirmesine olanak sağlayan bir araç haline gelmesiyle birlikte hem yurt dışında hem de ülkemizde pek çok spor kulübünün kendisine ait taraftar tokenine sahip olduğunu görüyoruz. Bu yazımızda taraftar tokenlarını hukuki perspektiften sizler için analiz ettik.

Hukuki Perspektiften Taraftar Tokenleri

Görkem is a graduate of Uskudar
 American Academy and Istanbul University Law School. As a part of his graduate
 studies, he took commercial law courses at Harvard University, US. After
 working for a reputable Turkish law firm as an intern and Dentons as an
 associate respectively, in 2010, he decided to continue his career through his
 own practice and established Gokce Attorneys at Law which later became Gokce
 Attorney Partnership. Görkem was involved in a variety of international mergers
 and acquisitions, joint venture, private equity, and venture capital and
 project finance transactions as well as privatizations in Turkey. He
 represented local and international clients before Turkish courts on various
 commercial disputes. He has key expertise in technology and internet-based
 businesses. He has also extensive experience in aviation law. Görkem advised
 various multi-national companies. Görkem is a member of the <a name="_Hlk121144153" style="">British – Turkish Lawyers Association </a>and acted as the
 Secretary to the Association between 2008 and 2009. He is also a member of <a name="_Hlk121144174" style="">International Technology Law Association</a>, acts as
 Turkey’s Local Representative. Görkem is the first Associate Member from Turkey
 admitted to the <a name="_Hlk121144198" style="">Esports Bar Association</a> and is the
 founding Chairman of <a name="_Hlk121144226" style="">Turkish Internet and Technology
 Law Association</a>. He is a Supervisory Board member at <a name="_Hlk121144251" style="">Endeavor
 Turkey</a>. He has been giving lectures on administrative law at the Training
 Center of the <a name="_Hlk121144272" style="">Istanbul Bar Association</a> since 2009.
 He is a regular speaker at Turkish law schools.

&nbsp; 

He has key expertise in technology and
 internet-based businesses, he also represents his clients on several complex
 and voluminous commercial disputes. He provides legal consultancy on
 compliance, intellectual property, internet, IT and technology sectors to
 several Turkish and foreign clients.

&nbsp; 

Görkem is the author of the first book
 on e-sports law in Turkey. Also, his book on space law, namely “Space Law:
 Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow” has recently been published within 2022. Practice Areas &amp; Work Department

Commercial, Corporate and M&amp;A

Fintech

Media &amp; Entertainment

Startup Law &amp; Entrepreneurship

Technology &amp; Telecoms

&nbsp; 

Languages

Turkish

English

&nbsp; 

Memberships

British
 – Turkish Lawyers Association

International
 Technology Law Association

E-Sports
 Bar Association

Turkish
 Internet and Technology Law Association

Endeavor
 Turkey

Istanbul
 Bar Association

European
 Criminal Bar Assocation

European
 Fraud and Compliance Lawyers

International
 Association of Entertainment Lawyers

Gökçe is an independent law firm with
 full-service capacity based in Istanbul. Gökçe offers a broad range of legal
 services with a pragmatic and business-minded approach to meet the needs of its
 diverse client base, ranging from the most reputable international banks to
 rapidly expanding international companies. Since its establishment in 2010,
 Gökçe has been experiencing constant progress. Established mostly with the aim
 to specialize in technology law, Gökçe has garnered a solid reputation for its
 expertise in technology and media. Moreover, Gökçe has become a go-to law firm
 for high-profile commercial disputes. Gökçe is the Turkish representative of
 Interlaw, a highly ranked international law firm network. Gökçe is also a member of Lawyers
 Associated Worldwide, a global resource of locally respected law firms. As the last groundbreaking progress,
 Gökçe team published the first E-Sports Law book in Turkey. Gökçe has bolstered its IP, media and
 entertainment practice in 2021.

















&nbsp; 

Main Areas of Practice

 

Technology, Media, Communication &amp;
 Privacy

Gökçe’s TMC &amp; Privacy team’s
 reputation is built on delivering commercial and practical legal advice to
 clients active in the digital sphere in various industries, ranging from
 multinational Global 2000 enterprises to venture capitals and start-ups. With a
 highly qualified team, Gökçe’s scope of services covers broad range of matters
 including matters of IT law, internet law, cybersecurity law,
 telecommunications law, intellectual property law, consumer law, e-commerce and
 data protection. Team members frequently provide mentoring to
 emerging growth companies at leading start-up incubators and accelerators
 including İTÜ Çekirdek and Endeavor Turkey. Clients such as Hilton, N11, Nimo.tv
 (HUYA), All Stars Music, Eternal Fire, Onedio, Inofab, Evreka, Figopara are all
 widely recognized game changers in their respective industries; and Gram Games
 (a Zynga company), Masomo, Miniclip, and Codeway Games, all prominent actors in
 the e-gaming industry. The TMC &amp; Privacy team is led by Turkish IT and
 Privacy Law “star” Dr. Bedii Kaya, along with his deep expertise in data
 analysis, data protection, cybersecurity, and internet law.&nbsp;In 2021, Gökçe strengthened its Media, Entertainment
 and IP practice with representing and providing legal consultancy to its
 international and domestic clients for their IP related projects including
 cross border licensing, IP portfolio management, linear channels and VOD
 platforms, NFT projects, IP/IT related dispute resolutions, due diligence
 processes, merger &amp; acquisitions in media &amp; entertainment sectors, data
 protection requirements in Turkey, local compliances and so on. Corporate, M&amp;A &amp; Venture Capital 
 Corporate, M&amp;A and Venture Capital
 team focuses on large to middle-market cross border and domestic corporate
 transactions in various industries. Gökçe advises on a range of corporate
 issues including mergers and acquisitions, joint ventures, venture capital
 transactions, corporate restructurings, spin-offs and corporate governance.
 Clients include Farasis Energy (Ganzhou), Figopara, Gedik Yatırım, hiVC,
 WorleyParsons, and Çelebi Holding. Team members are also highly adept in growth
 investment transactions and represent founder-led technology companies, from
 early stage all the way up to growth phase and exit.



Gökçe
 advised:

<ul style="list-style-type: square;"><li style="margin-left: 20px;">FIT Solutions (Foriba) founders on the sale of their shares to Sovos, a
 leading global tax compliance and regulatory reporting software company </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;"> Gram Games, a leading Turkish mobile game company on the acquisition by Zynga
 Inc 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Four Mobile (Masomo) in the acquisition by Tencent owned mobile games
 developer Miniclip 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Gameguru on the sale of one of its most downloaded hyper casual games
 (namely, Slap Kings) to Lion Studios 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">HI Venture Capital a licensed venture capital investment company in its
 establishment 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Various emerging growth companies on financings by private equity giants and
 growth/venture capital investors such as EBRD, IFC, Revo Capital, Endeavor, 500
 Startups and Growth Circuit 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Evreka, an outstanding waste collection solutions SaaS company 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Neo Auvra, a pioneering medical health company 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Figopara, a major fintech company acting as intermediary for trade finance
 transactions 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Inofab, an innovative medical device company 
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Onedio, a prominent Turkish online content provider</li></ul>

 Banking &amp; Finance &amp; Capital Markets 
 Gökçe has extensive experience in
 banking &amp; finance and capital markets transactions, particularly in project
 financings.

On
 the banking side, Gökçe provides international and local banks with legal
 advice on daily operational issues, multilateral and bilateral institutional
 support, equity fund investment and credit enhancement. On the finance side,
 Gökçe acts for both Turkish and foreign banks in a large spectrum of financing
 transactions, including domestic and cross-border transactions. On the capital
 markets side Gökçe’s practice covers the full range of transactions.Team
 members have represented İş Bankası, Vakıfbank, Ziraat Bankası, OdeaBank, TSKB,
 T-Bank, Fibabanka, Gedik Yatırım, Worldpay, CBH Compagnie Bancaire
 Helvétiqueand Nurol Holding on various project finance and financial
 restructuring transactions including energy sector, infrastructure, real estate
 project financing, acquisition financing and other types of asset financing. Dispute Resolution 
 Gökçe has profound knowledge and
 experience in litigation, especially in commercial and IP related disputes.
 Gökçe represented N11(Doğuş), NRC International, FIT Solutions, Celebi
 Aviation, BBraun, V-Count, Onedio, Trendbox, ASB Modern, Seacor Holding on
 various commercial disputes.



Employment 
 Gökçe’s employment team has an extensive
 expertise in handling the full spectrum of employment and labour law issues. It
 advises numerous clients including Biopipe, Evreka, Gram Games (a Zynga
 company), Codeway Games, Alba Prestige, Alictus and various company
 directors/managers on:
 <ul style="list-style-type: square;"><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Employment Contracts</li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Termination of Employment </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;"> Employment Disputes
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Settlement of Disputes
 </li><li style="margin-left: 20px;">Social Security Disputes</li></ul>

 Debt Recovery &amp; Debt Collection 
 Gökçe has a wide practice of debt
 collection activities including foreclosure proceedings, primarily conducted
 for high volume commercial receivables of its clients. Gökçe represents Çelebi
 Aviation, Alpla, Seacor Holding, Geniks Kongre, Özak Global, B-Braun.

Criminal Law 
 Gökçe’s criminal law team represents
 clients in complex criminal law matters in relation to commercial fraud, white
 collar, financial, cyber, reconstruction crimes and data protection offenses.
 Gökçe’s criminal law clientele includes well-known individuals in Turkey.

Gökçe

Managing Partner

Elif obtained her law degree from
Istanbul Bilgi University as an “Honor Student” with full scholarship and
graduated from Ted Istanbul College as a “High Honor Student”. She holds a
certificate on “Corporate Law and Governance” issued by London School of
Economics.Elif is currently pursuing her master’s
degree (LL.M.) on Business Law in Istanbul Bilgi University Law School.She currently pursues her work on data
protection law, internet law, media law, information technologies,
cyber-security law, intellectual property law and commercial contracts. She
closely works with startups, venture capitals and technology companies
particularly within mergers and acquisitions and compliance projects.Elif participated in a plethora of
acquisition projects in different sectors including games, e-transformation,
information technologies, tourism and leisure and took part in Turkey’s most
sizable transactions. She has also provided support to many of Gökçe’s notable
clients as a part of the data protection team, who are leaders in their
sectors.Since January 2017, she has been
working as a member of TMC &amp; Privacy team. Practice Areas &amp; Work Department

Fintech

Media
 &amp; Entertainment

Startup
 Law &amp; Entrepreneurship

Technology
 &amp; Telecoms

&nbsp; 

Languages

English
 

&nbsp; 

Memberships

Istanbul
 Bar Association

Managing Associate

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The NIS 2 Directive on the security of networks and information systems adopted by the European Commission was
published in the European Union (&lt;/span>&lt;strong>EU&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">) Official Journal on 27 December 2022 and entered into force on 16 January
2023. The NIS2 Directive aims to harmonize cybersecurity regulations and the implementation of cybersecurity measures in member states. In this context, the NIS2 Directive constitutes a significant step towards strengthening cyber
security in EU.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Why a New NIS Directive?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The new NIS2 Directive will replace the NIS Directive, which regulates the EU’s rules on the security of networks and
information systems. The NIS Directive, adopted on 6 July 2016, is known for being the first cyber security legislation
adopted by the EU.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The rapid digitalization process and the increasing malicious cyber activities at the global level and the need for legal
regulations for these activities had brought up the need to update the NIS Directive. Insufficient cyber resilience regulations, lack of agreement among member states on key risks and challenges, and the lack of a coordinated crisis response were among the main problems of the NIS Directive.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Key Elements of NIS2 Directive&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Some key elements of NIS2 Directive, which establishes the minimum standards for cyber risk management and reporting obligations, are compiled below:&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Broader application than the NIS Directive by including additional industries and covering medium and large organizations.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">A list for security measures to be implemented.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Obligation to submit an initial notification within 24 hours to the relevant competent authority in case of significant cyber threat.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Strengthened supply chain cybersecurity for key information and communication technologies.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Member states may conduct coordinated risk assessments of essential supply chains in collaboration with the Commission and the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Stricter enforcement requirements with administrative fines up to 10 million EUR or 2% of the total global annual turnover of the company.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>What Will be the Next Steps?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">NIS2 Directive entered into force on 16 January 2023. Member states are obliged to take the necessary measures within 21 months from the entry into force of the directive. In this context, the process of incorporating the provisions of the
NIS2 Directive into the national laws of the member states will be completed on 17 October 2024.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">You can reach the full text of NIS2 Directive &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0383_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">here&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;hr>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(170, 87, 122); font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">&lt;span style="color: rgb(152, 0, 0);">The Turkish version of this article is available on&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(170, 87, 122); font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/detail/nis2-direktifi-abde-yeni-siber-guvenlik-kurallari" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">&lt;strong>NIS2 Direktifi: AB’de Yeni Siber Güvenlik Kuralları&lt;/strong>&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/p>

The NIS 2 Directive on the security of networks and information systems adopted by the European Commission was published in the European Union (EU) Official Journal on 27 December 2022 and entered into force on 16 January 2023. The NIS2 Directive aims to harmonize cybersecurity regulations and the implementation of cybersecurity measures in member states. In this context, the NIS2 Directive constitutes a significant step towards strengthening cyber security in EU.

NIS2 Directive: New Cyber Security Rules in the EU

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">NIS2 Direktifi: AB’de Yeni Siber Güvenlik Kuralları
Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen ağ ve bilgi sistemlerinin güvenliğine ilişkin NIS 2 Direktifi 27 Aralık 2022 tarihinde Avrupa Birliği (&lt;strong>AB&lt;/strong>) Resmî Gazetesi’nde yayımlandı ve 16 Ocak 2023’te yürürlüğe girdi. NIS2 Direktifi, üye devletlerde siber güvenlik düzenlemelerini ve siber güvenlik önlemlerinin uygulanmasını uyumlu hale getirmeyi amaçlıyor.
Bu kapsamda NIS2 Direktifi, AB’de siber güvenliği güçlendirme yönünde atılmış oldukça önemli bir adım.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Neden Yeni Bir NIS Direktifi?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yeni NIS2 Direktifi, AB’nin ağ ve bilgi sistemlerinin güvenliğine ilişkin kurallarını düzenleyen NIS Direktifi’nin yerini alacak. 6 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde kabul edilen NIS Direktifi, AB tarafından kabul edilen ilk siber güvenlik mevzuatı olması
ile biliniyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Hızlı yaşanan dijitalleşme süreci ve küresel düzeyde artan kötü niyetli siber faaliyetlere karşın yasal düzenlemelere olan
ihtiyaç NIS Direktifi’nin güncellenmesini gündeme getirmişti. Yetersiz düzeyde siber dayanıklılık düzenlemeleri, üye
devletler arasında anlaşma eksikliği ve koordineli bir kriz müdahalesinin öngörülmemesi NIS Direktifi’nin temel sorunları arasındaydı.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>NIS2 Direktifi’ndeki Önemli Düzenlemeler&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Siber risk yönetimi ve raporlama yükümlülükleri için asgari standartları belirleyen NIS2 Direktifi’nde öne çıkan başlıca
düzenlemeler şu şekilde:&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ek endüstrilerin dahil edilmesi ve orta ve büyük şirketlerin kapsama alınması sayesinde NIS Direktifi’nden daha
geniş bir uygulama alanı öngörülmesi.&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Uygulanacak güvenlik önlemleri için bir liste sağlanması.&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Önemli bir siber tehdit durumunda, 24 saat içinde ilgili yetkili makama ilk bildirimde bulunma zorunluluğu getirilmesi.&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Temel bilgi ve iletişim teknolojileri için güçlendirilmiş tedarik zinciri siber güvenliğinin sağlanması. Böylece üye devletler, Komisyon ve Avrupa Birliği Siber Güvenlik Ajansı ile iş birliği içinde temel tedarik zincirlerinin koordineli risk
değerlendirmelerini yürütebilecektir.&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">10 milyon Euro veya şirketin toplam küresel yıllık cirosunun %2’sine varan daha yüksek idari para cezalarının düzenlenmesi.&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Sonraki Adım Ne Olacak?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">NIS2 Direktifi 16 Ocak 2023’te yürürlüğe girdi. Üye devletler ise direktifin yürürlüğe girmesinden itibaren 21 ay içinde
gerekli önlemleri almakla yükümlü. Bu kapsamda üye devletlerin NIS2 Direktifi hükümlerini ulusal yasalarına dahil etme
süreci 17 Ekim 2024’te tamamlanmış olacak.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">NIS2 Direktifi’nin tam metnine &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0383_EN.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">buradan&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> ulaşabilirsiniz (&lt;/span>&lt;em style="font-size: 14px;">Yalnızca İngilizcesi mevcuttur&lt;/em>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">).&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;hr>&lt;div class="post" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 16px;">&lt;div class="mantine-Text-root blog-text mantine-1pbxw0k" style="box-sizing: border-box; -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; line-height: 22px; text-decoration: none; overflow-wrap: break-word; opacity: 0.8; font-size: 14px;">&lt;div style="box-sizing: border-box;">&lt;p style="color: var(--priamary-color); font-weight: 400; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Inter, sans-serif !important; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="color: rgb(152, 0, 0); font-size: 14px;" dm="" sans",="" sans-serif;="" color:="" rgb(170,="" 87,="" 122);"="">Bu yazının İngilizce versiyonuna &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;" dm="" sans",="" sans-serif;="" color:="" rgb(3,="" 102,="" 132);"="">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/detail/nis2-directive-new-cyber-security-rules-in-the-eu" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">NIS2 Directive: New Cyber Security Rules in the EU&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;" dm="" sans",="" sans-serif;="" color:="" rgb(170,="" 87,="" 122);"=""> &lt;span style="color: rgb(147, 42, 88);">&lt;strong style="color: rgb(152, 0, 0);">üzerinden ulaşabilirsiniz.&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;/div>&lt;/div>&lt;/div>

NIS2 Direktifi: AB’de Yeni Siber Güvenlik Kuralları Avrupa Komisyonu tarafından kabul edilen ağ ve bilgi sistemlerinin güvenliğine ilişkin NIS 2 Direktifi 27 Aralık 2022 tarihinde Avrupa Birliği (AB) Resmî Gazetesi’nde yayımlandı ve 16 Ocak 2023’te yürürlüğe girdi. NIS2 Direktifi, üye devletlerde siber güvenlik düzenlemelerini ve siber güvenlik önlemlerinin uygulanmasını uyumlu hale getirmeyi amaçlıyor. Bu kapsamda NIS2 Direktifi, AB’de siber güvenliği güçlendirme yönünde atılmış oldukça önemli bir adım.

NIS2 Direktifi: AB’de Yeni Siber Güvenlik Kuralları

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (&lt;strong>TCMB&lt;/strong>), 30 Aralık 2022 tarihinde açık bankacılık hizmetleri hakkında “Ödeme
Hizmetlerinde Veri Paylaşım Servislerine İlişkin Rehber” (&lt;strong>Rehber&lt;/strong>) yayımladı.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Açık bankacılık (Open banking / open bank data), müşterilere daha iyi ve hızlı hizmetler sunulmasını amaçlayan bir
hizmet türü. Bu kapsamda, müşterinin açık rızasıyla finansal sistemlerde yer alan verileri, üçüncü taraf hizmet sağlayıcıların erişimine açılır. Açık bankacılık hizmeti ile müşteriler finansal hesaplarında yer alan tüm verilerine tek ekran
üzerinden erişim sağlayıp, işlemlerini gerçekleştirebilirler. Türkiye’de ise açık bankacılık hizmetleri, TCMB tarafından
düzenlenip denetlenmekte.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rehber’de; açık bankacılık faaliyeti tanımlanmış, Ödeme ve Menkul Kıymet Mutabakat Sistemleri, Ödeme Hizmetleri
ve Elektronik Para Kuruluşları Hakkında Kanun’a (&lt;strong>Kanun&lt;/strong>) eklenen “ödeme emri başlatma hizmeti” (m.12/f) ile “hesap
bilgisi hizmeti” (m.12/g) ve bu iki hizmet hakkında lisans ve sertifikasyon süreçleri açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca Rehber’de açık
bankacılık iş modeli kapsamında ödemeler alanında sıklıkla karşılaşılan bazı iş modellerine yönelik açıklamalar da yer
almaktadır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rehber’de düzenlenen başlıca hususlar ise şöyle:&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rehber’de Kanun’a eklenen “ödeme emri başlatma hizmeti (ÖBH)” ile “hesap bilgisi hizmeti (HBH)” açık bankacılık faaliyeti olarak açıklanmıştır. Bu hizmetler kısaca şu şekilde tanımlanabilir:&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>HBH: &lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Müşteriye, birden fazla kuruluşta bulunan hesaplarına ilişkin bilgilerin derlenip çevrim içi platformda sunulmasıdır.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>ÖBH:&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> Müşterinin, başka bir ödeme hizmeti sağlayıcısı nezdindeki hesabından ödeme emri vermesine aracılık
edilmesidir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Rehber’de sektörde görülen farklı iş modellerine yönelik faaliyet izninin gerekip gerekmediği değerlendirilmiştir.
Bununla birlikte, nihai değerlendirmenin TCMB tarafından yapılacağı vurgulanmaktadır.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">HBH, temel olarak, “rıza tesisi” ve “hesap bilgilerinin alınması” olarak iki aşamadan oluşur. Bu kapsamda, Rehber’de bir hizmetin HBH olarak değerlendirilmesindeki ölçütler de detaylandırılmıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Rehber, HBH ve ÖBH’nin birbirinin ön şartını teşkil etmediğini ifade etmektedir. Bu kapsamda, her iki hizmet için
ayrı ayrı lisans başvurusunda bulunulabileceği gibi her ikisi için aynı anda da başvuruda bulunulabileceği belirtilmektedir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Rehber, ÖBH ve HBH’lerin nasıl değerlendirilmesi gerektiğine ilişkin yol gösterici bilgiler de içermektedir. Bu kapsamda,
çeşitli senaryolar altında iş modelleri incelenmiş; bu iş modellerinin lisans gerektirip gerektirmediği açıklanmıştır. TCMB
tarafından yayımlanan Rehber’in, açık bankacılık hizmetlerinde yol gösteri olması beklenmekte.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Rehber’in tam metnine &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/d60cc679-ce04-4941-b310-b3788b6f3540/Odeme+Hizmetlerinde+Veri+Paylasim+Servislerine+Iliskin+Rehber.pdf?MOD=AJPERES" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">buradan&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> ulaşabilirsiniz.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/p>

Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası (TCMB), 30 Aralık 2022 tarihinde açık bankacılık hizmetleri hakkında “Ödeme Hizmetlerinde Veri Paylaşım Servislerine İlişkin Rehber” (Rehber) yayımladı. Açık bankacılık (Open banking / open bank data), müşterilere daha iyi ve hızlı hizmetler sunulmasını amaçlayan bir hizmet türü. Bu kapsamda, müşterinin açık rızasıyla finansal sistemlerde yer alan verileri, üçüncü taraf hizmet sağlayıcıların erişimine açılır. Açık bankacılık hizmeti ile müşteriler finansal hesaplarında yer alan tüm verilerine tek ekran üzerinden erişim sağlayıp, işlemlerini gerçekleştirebilirler. Türkiye’de ise açık bankacılık hizmetleri, TCMB tarafından düzenlenip denetlenmekte.

Açık Bankacılık Hizmetlerine İlişkin Rehber Yayımlandı

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">TCMB&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">) has published the “Guide to Data Sharing Services in Payment
Services” (&lt;/span>&lt;strong>Guide&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">) on “open banking” services on 30 December 2022.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Open banking (open bank data) aims to provide better and faster services to customers. In this context, it ensures that
the data in the financial system is made available to third-party service providers with the explicit consent of the customer. Open banking services allows customers to access all data in their financial accounts from a single screen and
initiate their transactions. Moreover, open banking services in Turkey are regulated and supervised by the TCMB.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">In the Guide, open banking activity is defined; “payment initiation service” (m.12/f) and “account information service”
(m.12/g) included in Law on Payment and Securities Settlement Systems, Payment Services and Electronic Money
Institutions (&lt;/span>&lt;strong>Law&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">) and license and certification processes for these two services are explained. Within the scope of the
open banking business model, the Guide also includes explanations for some business models that are frequently encountered in the field of payments.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Below some of the most significant issues included in the Guide:&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">In the Guide, open banking activity; “payment initiation service (&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">PIS&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">)” and “account information service (&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">AIS&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">)”
included in Law are defined as open banking activities. Related services could be briefly described as follows:
&lt;/span>&lt;strong>AIS:&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> Compiling and presenting information about the customer’s accounts in more than one organization on the
online platform.
&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">PIS:&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> It is the mediation of the customer to place a payment order from their account with another payment service provider.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">In the Guide, it has been evaluated whether an operating permit is required for different business models in the
industry. However, it was highlighted that the final assessment would be made by the TCMB.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">AIS, basically consists of two stages as “establishing consent” and “receiving account information”. In this context, the criteria for classifying a service as AIS, are detailed in the Guide.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The Guide states that PIS and AIS do not constitute a prerequisite for each other. In this context, it is stated that
it is possible to apply for a license for both services separately or to apply for both at the same time.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The Guide also contains guiding information on how PIS and AIS shall be evaluated. In this context, business models
have been analyzed under various scenarios and whether it requires a license or not has been explained. The Guide
shall be a guideline in open banking services.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">You can reach the full text of the Guide &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/d60cc679-ce04-4941-b310-b3788b6f3540/Odeme+Hizmetlerinde+Veri+Paylasim+Servislerine+Iliskin+Rehber.pdf?MOD=AJPERES" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">here&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> (Only available in Turkish).&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (TCMB) has published the “Guide to Data Sharing Services in Payment Services” (Guide) on “open banking” services on 30 December 2022. Open banking (open bank data) aims to provide better and faster services to customers. In this context, it ensures that the data in the financial system is made available to third-party service providers with the explicit consent of the customer. Open banking services allows customers to access all data in their financial accounts from a single screen and initiate their transactions. Moreover, open banking services in Turkey are regulated and supervised by the TCMB.

Guide to Open Banking Services is Published





&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">5941
            sayılı Çek Kanunu &lt;strong style="">(Kanun)&lt;/strong> m. 3/3 hükmü uyarınca, düzenleyici dışında
            başka bir hamil tarafından karşılıksız çek ibraz edilmesi durumunda bankalar,
            her bir çek yaprağı için belli bir bedel ödemekle yükümlü tutulmuştur. &lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Kanun
            uyarınca çekin karşılığının banka tarafından ödenebilmesi için kanuni ibraz
            süresi içinde bankaya ibraz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Çekin karşılığı mevcut
            değil ise banka görevlileri çeki ibraz eden hamilin talepte bulunması hâlinde bu
            çekle ilgili olarak karşılıksızdır işlemi yapmakla yükümlüdürler. Ancak karşılıksızdır
            işleminin yapılabilmesi için çekin süresinde ibraz edilmesi gerekmektedir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yukarıda
            açıklandığı üzere kanuni süresi içerisinde, düzenleyen dışındaki hamili
            tarafından ibraz edilen ancak hesapta karşılığı bulunmayan veya kısmen bulunan
            çekler için bankalar çek yaprak bedeli ödemekle yükümlüdür. &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Banka
            tarafından karşılıksız çek hamiline ödenen bu tutarın ise Kanun’un m. 3/3 hükmü
            son paragrafı uyarınca hesap sahibi ile muhatap banka arasında çek defterinin
            teslimi sırasında yapılmış olan, dönülemeyecek bir gayri nakdî kredi sözleşmesi
            hükmünde olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu asgari tutar Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Merkez
            Bankası (&lt;strong>TCMB&lt;/strong>) tarafından Kanun m. 3/3 hükmü son cümlesi uyarınca, her
            yıl Ocak ayında Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu tarafından yayımlanan fiyat endekslerindeki
            yıllık değişmeler göz önünde tutularak belirlenmektedir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">Bu
            doğrultuda &lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR">ç&lt;span style="color: black;">ekin karşılığının
                tamamen veya kısmen bulunmaması halinde muhatap bankanın hamile ödemekle
                yükümlü olduğu miktarı ve çek defterlerinin baskı şekline ilişkin esasları düzenlemek
                amacıyla &lt;/span>&lt;span style="color: black;">TCMB tarafından çıkarılan 2010/2 sayılı Çek Defterlerinin Baskı Şekline
                ve Bankaların Hamile Ödemekle Yükümlü Olduğu Miktarın Belirlenmesine ilişkin
                Tebliğ &lt;/span>&lt;strong>&lt;span style="color: black;">(Tebliğ)&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="color: black;"> 20/01/2010 tarihli ve 27468 sayılı Resmî
                Gazete’de yayımlanarak yürürlüğe girmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">2023 senesi
            için geçerli olacak tutarlara ilişkin olarak ise, TCMB tarafından düzenlenen
            Çek Defterlerinin Baskı Şekline ve Bankaların Hamile Ödemekle Yükümlü Olduğu
            Miktarın Belirlenmesine İlişkin Tebliğ (Sayı: 2010/2)’de Değişiklik Yapılmasına
            Dair Tebliğ (Sayı: 2023/3) &lt;/span>&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">(2023/3
                sayılı Tebliğ) &lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">28/01/2023 tarihli
            ve 32087 sayılı Resmî Gazete’de yayımlanmıştır. Böylelikle, 2023/3 sayılı
            Tebliğ ile bankaların ödemekle yükümlü oldukları çek yaprak bedelleri,
            31/01/2023 tarihinden itibaren geçerli olmak üzere güncellenmiştir. &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">2023/3
            sayılı Tebliğ ile &lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR">bankaların karşılıksız çeklere ilişkin
            ödemekle yükümlü oldukları tutar 3600 TL iken %66 oranında, Tebliğ’den önce
            bastırılan çek defterlerine ilişkin her bir çek yaprağı için ödenecek tutar ise
            3000 TL iken %100 oranında artış yapılarak her iki tutar da 6.000 TL olarak
            belirlenmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Tebliğ m. 4’te yapılan değişikliğe göre, düzenleyici
            dışında bir hamil tarafından ibraz edilen çekin karşılığının bulunmaması
            halinde, banka;&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -24px; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&lt;span>-&lt;span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">çek bedeli 6.000
            TL ve üzeri ise 6.000 TL,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -24px; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&lt;span>-&lt;span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">6.000 TL ve
            altında ise çek bedelini&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ödemekle yükümlüdür.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Şayet düzenleyicisi dışında bir hamil tarafından ibraz
            edilen çekin, kısmi bir karşılığı bulunmaz ise bu durumda banka; &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -24px; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&lt;span>-&lt;span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">çek bedeli 6.000
            TL veya altında ise çek bedelini aşmamak koşuluyla, kısmi karşılığı 6.000 TL’yi
            tamamlayacak bir miktarı, &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -24px; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&lt;span>-&lt;span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">çek bedeli 6.000
            TL üzerinde ise çek bedelini aşmamak koşuluyla, kısmi karşılığa ilave olarak 6.000
            TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ödemekle yükümlüdür. &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Ayrıca değişiklikle beraber, Tebliğ Geçici m. 2 uyarınca,
            Tebliğ’den önce yayımlanan tebliğlere göre bastırılan çeklerin ibrazı halinde,
            banka;&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -24px; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&lt;span>-&lt;span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">çekin karşılığının
            bulunmaması halinde her çek yaprağı için 6.000 TL,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px 0px 0px 48px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; text-indent: -24px; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&lt;span>-&lt;span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
                &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">çekin kısmen
            karşılığının bulunması halinde ise bu miktarı, her çek yaprağı için 6.000 TL
            tamamlayacak biçimde&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black;">&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px;">&lt;span lang="TR" style="color: black; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ödeme
            yapmakla yükümlüdür.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

5941             sayılı Çek Kanunu (Kanun) m. 3/3 hükmü uyarınca, düzenleyici dışında             başka bir hamil tarafından karşılıksız çek ibraz edilmesi durumunda bankalar,             her bir çek yaprağı için belli bir bedel ödemekle yükümlü tutulmuştur.      Kanun             uyarınca çekin karşılığının banka tarafından ödenebilmesi için kanuni ibraz             süresi içinde bankaya ibraz edilmesi gerekmektedir. Çekin karşılığı mevcut             değil ise banka görevlileri çeki ibraz eden hamilin talepte bulunması hâlinde bu             çekle ilgili olarak karşılıksızdır işlemi yapmakla yükümlüdürler. Ancak karşılıksızdır             işleminin yapılabilmesi için çekin süresinde ibraz edilmesi gerekmektedir.

Karşılıksız Çekler için Bankaların Ödemekle Yükümlü Olduğu Miktar Güncellendi

&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>1.             The Restrictions for the Company Structures&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">
Certain restrictions regarding foreign ownership have been stipulated
        under&nbsp;Law no.
        6112 on "Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and their Media
        Services".&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">Company Type.
&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">        Broadcasting licenses are only given to “Joint Stock Companies” established in
        accordance with the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code for the sole
        purpose of providing radio, television, and on-demand broadcasting services.
        The same company may only offer one radio, one television and one
        broadcast-on-demand service.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Type of Company Shares.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> The shares
        of media service providers must be “registered”. Usufruct stock cannot be
        created in favor of any person.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Foreign Shareholding. &lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The total
        foreign direct capital share in a media service provider cannot exceed “fifty
        percent (50%)” of the paid-in capital.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">It should also be noted that the 50%
        shareholding threshold does not apply to indirect foreign ownership.
        Notwithstanding this, in the event the Turkish licensee company of the foreign
        satellite broadcaster has indirect foreign ownership, then the chairman, the
        vice chairman and the majority of the board of directors and the general
        manager must be Turkish citizens and the majority of the voting rights in the
        general assembly must belong to real persons or legal entities having Turkish
        citizenship.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Information on Shareholders. &lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">A natural or
        legal person may directly or indirectly become a partner in a maximum of four
        (4) media service providers holding a terrestrial broadcasting license. A
        foreign natural or legal person can be a direct partner of at most (2) two
        media service providers.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Management.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> In the event
        that foreign real or legal persons participate in companies that are partners
        of media service providers and become indirect partners in broadcasting
        organizations, the chairman of the board of directors, the vice chairman, the
        majority of the board of directors and the general manager of the broadcasting
        organizations must be citizens of Turkey, and also the majority of the votes in
        the general meetings of the broadcasting organizations must be held in Turkey.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2; text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Capital of Companies.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> The requirement to comply with&nbsp;the amount of paid-in capital of media service
        providers that apply for a broadcast license in order to provide radio,
        television and on-demand broadcasting services cannot be less than the
        following amounts:&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">National Terrestrial Television:
        8.320.000 TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Regional Terrestrial Television:
        1.385.000 TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Local Terrestrial Television: 250.000
        TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Cable Television: 275.000 TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Satellite Television: 275.000 TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="margin-left: 20px; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">For On-Demand Broadcasting Service:
        100.000 TL&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">In case radio, television and on-demand broadcasting activities are
        carried out together, the minimum paid-in capital must be equal to the sum of
        the amounts written above.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>2.                Regulations Subjected to the Foreigners Being a Top Manager and/or Chief
            Editor&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">According to By-Law on “Administrative and Financial Conditions which
        Media Service Providers and Platform and Infrastructure Operators” are required
        to comply with “Media Service Provider Organizations” have a board of
        directors consisting of one (1) or more people. At least one (1) representative
        member must have a place of residence in Turkey and be a Turkish citizen.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">A shareholding real person shall be elected as the chairman and a member
        of the board of executives. Any legal entity shall not be a member of the board
        of executives. Only a real person who is a representative of a legal entity
        shall be appointed to the membership of the board of executives. If the legal
        person is a member of the board of directors, the real person representing the
        legal person reported to the board of RTÜK.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Media service providers, with the decision of the board of directors,
        appoints a general director. The general directors of the media service
        provider organizations providing national and regional broadcasting from terrestrial
        media, and satellite broadcasting from cable media to many cities, a graduate
        of education, their settlement in Turkey and not being convicted of disgraceful
        crimes are must.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Media service provider organizations, responsibility with the decision
        of the board of directors, appoints one (1) or more manager in charge, provided
        that the area of responsibility of the manager in charge has been clearly
        defined.&nbsp;The manager in charge of a
        media service provider providing national and regional broadcasts through
        terrestrial networks, cable broadcast services though cable networks targeting
        at more than one province and satellite broadcast services, must be at least a
        graduate of a higher education institution and any person who will be appointed
        to this position must; be a Turkish citizen, be domiciled in Turkey, not be
        convicted of disgraceful crimes.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Besides, each media service provider for the purpose of formulation of a
        co-regulatory and a self-regulatory mechanism, evaluation of the complaints
        received from viewers and listeners, presentation of the evaluations to its
        broadcasting board and the follow-up of their results shall appoint a viewer’s
        representative at least with a ten years’ professional experience.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Becoming a responsible manager which may be defined as “Top Manager
        and/or Chief Editor”;&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>a.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">           to have completed the age of
        eighteen,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>b.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">           owning a place of residence and
        permanent residence in Turkey,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>c.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">           to graduate from at least secondary
        education or an equivalent educational institution,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>d.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">           not to be restricted or prohibited
        from public services,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>e.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">        not to be convicted of disgraceful
        crimes,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>f.&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">           for non-Turkish citizens, it is
        necessary to seek reciprocity.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Apart from this information, the sample platform you sent to us also
        publishes printed newspapers and is subject to the provisions of periodicals
        within the scope of the Press Law No. 5187. For this reason, for the
        establishment of the sample platform, there must be a printed newspaper
        publication and the "periodical publication" conditions described
        above must be fulfilled.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">News agency publications are periodical publications within the scope of
        Press Law No.5187. For this reason, the publications of news agencies are also
        subject to most regulations related to periodicals, especially the regulations
        on responsible managers in Press Law.&lt;/span>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Certain restrictions regarding foreign ownership have been stipulated         under Law no.         6112 on "Establishment of Radio and Television Enterprises and their Media         Services". Company Type.         Broadcasting licenses are only given to “Joint Stock Companies” established in         accordance with the provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code for the sole         purpose of providing radio, television, and on-demand broadcasting services.         The same company may only offer one radio, one television and one         broadcast-on-demand service.

Foreign Ownership Restrictions Apply to Media Services

&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklam Kurulu'nun 13.12.2022 tarihli ve 328 sayılı toplantısında ilke kararı olarak kabul edilen “Çevreye İlişkin Beyanlar İçeren Reklamlar Hakkında Kılavuz” yayınlandı. Kılavuzun amacı; reklam verenler, reklam ajansları, mecra kuruluşları tarafından gerçekleştirilen ticari reklam ve ticari uygulamalarda yer verilen çevreye ilişkin beyan ve görsellerin ilgili mevzuata uyumlu olmaları konusunda reklamcılık ile ilgili tüm kişi, kurum ve kuruluşlara yol göstermek olarak belirlenmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Kılavuzda Öne Çıkan Hususlar&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;ul style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; list-style-type: square;">&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">“Çevresel beyan”; ticari reklam veya ticari uygulama kapsamında bir mal veya hizmetin bileşen, üretimi, piyasaya arz süreci, kullanımı veya bertaraf edilme süreci ile ilgili olarak çevresel fayda sağladığına veya çevreye olumsuz bir etkisinin bulunmadığına ilişkin ibare veya görsel olarak tanımlanmıştır.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklamlarda “yeşil”, “sürdürülebilir”, “eko”, “doğa dostu”, “çevre dostu”, “çevreci sloganlar”, “sıfır atık”, “geri dönüştürülebilir”, “çevre açısından güvenli”, “enerji açısından verimli”, “geri dönüştürülebilir”, “karbon nötr”, “yenilenebilir”, “yeşil enerji” gibi genel nitelikteki kavramlar açıklama yapılmadan ya da o mal veya hizmetin veya üretim süreçlerinin çevreye etkilerine ilişkin olarak tüketiciler nezdinde belirsizliğe neden olacak şekilde kullanılamaz.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Çevresel beyanların ne ile ilgili olduğu, ne için ve nasıl kullanıldığı, ürünün yaşam döngüsünün tümüne ya da bir bölümüne yönelik olup olmadığına ilişkin bilgiler ve ilgili çevresel etkilerin ölçüm veya değerlendirme yöntemlerine ilişkin açıklayıcı bilgilere yer verilmelidir.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklamlarda bir mal veya hizmetin ya da reklam verenin ilgili mevzuatı gereği uyması gereken yasal süreçler ve sağlaması gereken standartlara veya hâlihazırda kullanılmayan süreçlerin veya bileşenlerin kullanılmamasına ilişkin çevresel beyanlar, o mal veya hizmetin, sürecin veya firmaların rakip ve muadillerinden farklı ya da daha üstün olduğu algısı oluşturacak biçimde kullanılamaz.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklamlarda yer verilen çevresel beyanların o mal veya hizmetin hangi bölüm, parça veya sürece ilişkin olduğu açıkça belirtilmelidir.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Mal veya hizmetlerin gelecekte hedeflenen çevresel etkilerine ilişkin beyanlar, yalnızca kamuya açık ve doğrulanabilir bir strateji belgesinde yer verilmesi halinde reklamlarda kullanılabilir.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Bir malın “biyolojik olarak bozunabilir”, “çözünebilir” veya “geri dönüştürülebilir” olduğuna ilişkin beyanların, malın ambalajı da dahil olmak üzere ürünün tamamıyla mı yoksa bir kısmıyla mı ilgili olduğu, biyolojik olarak bozunma veya kompostlama sürecinin hangi koşullarda geçerli olduğu ya da bu sürecin yaygın olarak kullanılmayan özel ekipman veya işlemler gerektirip gerektirmediği konusunda tüketiciler açıkça bilgilendirilmelidir.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklamlarda yer verilen karşılaştırma niteliğindeki çevresel beyanlarda yapılan karşılaştırmanın içeriği özellikle reklam verenin kendisine ait aynı marka ve içerikte önceki ürünüyle mi yoksa rakiplerinin ürünleriyle mi karşılaştırma yaptığı açıkça belirtilmelidir.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklamlarda çevre kirliliği veya aşırı atık birikmesine yol açacak tüketici davranışlarını önemsiz gibi gösteren, geri dönüştürülebilir olmayan ambalajlara özendiren, tüketicileri, hareketlerinin olumsuz çevresel etkilerini görmezden gelmeye yönlendiren, uygunsuz atık atmayı özendiren veya hoş gören sürdürülebilir tüketim anlayışından uzak iletişimlerden kaçınılmalıdır.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;li style="box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; line-height: 1.5; margin-left: 20px;">&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Reklamlarda bir mala veya ambalajına ya da bir hizmete ilişkin olarak belirtilen “sertifika ve onaylar”, “bozunabilirliğe ilişkin beyanlar”, “geri dönüştürülebilirliğe ilişkin beyanlar”, “geri dönüştürülmüş içeriğe ilişkin beyanlar”, “yenilenebilir enerjiye ilişkin beyanlar, “geri kazanılmış suya ilişkin beyanlar” ile ilgili detaylı düzenlemeler yapılmıştır.&lt;/em>&lt;/li>&lt;/ul>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Değerlendirmeler&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Son dönemde çevresel beyan içeren reklamların sayısında ciddi bir artış görülmektedir. Bu tür reklamların tüketiciler nezdinde yarattığı hassasiyet ve çevre üzerindeki ciddi etkisi dikkate alınarak bu tür reklamlar hakkında Reklam Kurulu tarafından Ticari Reklam ve Haksız Ticari Uygulamalar Yönetmeliği ile Tüketicinin Korunması Hakkında Kanun’daki yasal düzenlemeler uyarınca birçok karar verilmektedir. Reklam Kurulu tarafından düzenlenen anılan Kılavuz’un reklam verenlere ve Reklam Kurulu’nun uygulamasına ve yeknesaklaşmasına katkı sağlayacağı değerlendirilmektedir. Kılavuza Reklam Kurulu’nun resmi internet sayfası üzerinden ulaşılabilir:&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;a href="https://tuketici.ticaret.gov.tr/duyurular/cevreye-iliskin-beyanlar-iceren-reklamlar-hakkinda-kilavuz" class="outside-link" data-original-title="" title="" style="box-sizing: border-box; background-color: transparent; color: rgb(0, 171, 223); text-decoration: none; font-weight: 400; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">https://tuketici.ticaret.gov.tr/duyurular/cevreye-iliskin-beyanlar-iceren-reklamlar-hakkinda-kilavuz&lt;/a>&lt;/p>

Reklam Kurulu'nun 13.12.2022 tarihli ve 328 sayılı toplantısında ilke kararı olarak kabul edilen “Çevreye İlişkin Beyanlar İçeren Reklamlar Hakkında Kılavuz” yayınlandı. Kılavuzun amacı; reklam verenler, reklam ajansları, mecra kuruluşları tarafından gerçekleştirilen ticari reklam ve ticari uygulamalarda yer verilen çevreye ilişkin beyan ve görsellerin ilgili mevzuata uyumlu olmaları konusunda reklamcılık ile ilgili tüm kişi, kurum ve kuruluşlara yol göstermek olarak belirlenmiştir.

Çevreye İlişkin Beyanlar İçeren Reklamlar Hakkında Kılavuz Yayınlandı

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong style="">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Introduction&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">As fan
        tokens have developed into a tool that enables fans to demonstrate and
        strengthen the bond they have formed with their clubs, we are witnessing that
        many sports clubs, both abroad and in our country, have their own fan tokens.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In this
        article, we examined fan tokens from a legal standpoint.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>





&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">What is
            a Fan Token?&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In its
        simplest definition, fan token is a type of "&lt;em>utility token&lt;/em>"
        that felicitates communication between sports clubs and their fans and allows
        fans to participate in voting on various issues by giving them a voice. Since
        fan tokens are directly related to the sports clubs in which they were issued
        on behalf of, factors such as sporting success, change of management, changes
        in value for those traded in the stock market can cause fluctuations in the
        value of these tokens.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The main
        purpose of the fan token is to provide owners access to voting privileges and further
        special privileges over the team they support. Although the matters on which
        the token owners may vote vary depending on the clubs, in general, we see that
        these matters are associated with the club's product design, ticket-related
        concerns, choice of match locations, and meeting the players. It goes without
        saying that these benefits and rights enable token holders to participate more
        actively in the operations of the club they support.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>









&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Legal
            Nature of Fan Tokens&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">To begin
        with, it should be emphasized that the "token" is a "crypto
        asset". Regulation on Not Using Crypto Assets in Payments sets forth the initial
        definition of crypto assets in Turkish law. According to this definition,
        intangible assets that are created virtually using distributed ledger
        technology or a similar technology and distributed over digital networks, but
        are not qualified as fiat currency, fiduciary money, electronic money, payment
        instrument, securities or other capital market instruments shall be deemed as
        crypto assets.&lt;span>&nbsp; &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In other
        words, in Turkish law there are three core principles for a digital asset to be
        defined as a crypto asset as follows: &lt;em>(i)&lt;/em> being an intangible asset, &lt;em>(ii)&lt;/em>
        created virtually using distributed ledger or a similar technology, and &lt;em>(iii)&lt;/em>
        distributed over digital networks. &lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Depending
        on their use, there are several subtypes of tokens which are crypto assets,
        including security tokens, utility tokens, and payment tokens. We have
        mentioned that fan tokens fall within the category of "utility
        tokens". Through utility tokens, basically users can access the services
        offered by the project developers and benefits that they would not have with
        money. In the case of fan tokens, this benefit can be seen in different forms
        such as meeting team players, VIP stadium tours, winning various products
        signed by team players or voting rights in some decisions.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>&nbsp;&lt;/strong>&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Legal
            Relationships Established Within the Framework of Fan Tokens&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The first
        step of the public offering of the fan token is a cooperation agreement to be
        concluded between the sports club that issued the token and the company
        providing the platform for the token. The issuance procedure of the token and
        the responsibility of the parties are determined in this cooperation agreement.
        Within the framework of this agreement, the sports club presents its own brand
        value and its market share in the sports sector, depending on this brand value,
        to the partner company. In this context, the main obligation of the company is
        to manage the creation and listing procedure of the fan token.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Fan tokens
        can be offered to the public through various companies that provide platforms.
        If the legal relationship established with the fans is examined, it is seen
        that for the purchase of the fan token a terms of use text has been concluded
        between the fans and the company providing the platform for the token. In
        accordance with this terms of use, fans have a say in various matters
        concerning the sports club, such as the choice of slogan, the design of the
        team bus, by voting or may qualify for various awards. However, unlike the
        traditional public offering, fan token holders cannot have a stake in the
        sports club or receive a share of the profits through the tokens offered to the
        public.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;strong>&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Conclusion&lt;/span>&lt;/strong>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;&lt;br>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

&lt;p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0px; text-align: justify; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.5;">&lt;span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It is an
        undeniable fact that fan tokens, which aim to bring sports clubs and their fans
        together in the crypto world, have become quite popular in the sports industry.
        There is no regulatory legislation for fan tokens and platforms providing fan
        tokens yet. The rights and obligations of the parties are determined within the
        framework of the contractual relations mentioned. However, legal regulations on
        crypto assets are already being conducted and studies are being carried out on
        this subject. Since fan tokens are becoming increasingly popular in the
        industry, it is expected that fan tokens will find a place in these legislative
        studies carried out for crypto assets.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

As fan tokens have developed into a tool that enables fans to demonstrate and         strengthen the bond they have formed with their clubs, we are witnessing that         many sports clubs, both abroad and in our country, have their own fan tokens.  In this article, we examined fan tokens from a legal standpoint.

Fan Tokens from a Legal Perspective

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Türkiye E-Spor
Federasyonu Ana Statüsü (&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">Statü&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">), Türkiye E-Spor Federasyonu (&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">Federasyon&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">)
tarafından Spor Kulüpleri ve Spor Federasyonları Kanunu (&lt;/span>&lt;strong>Kanun&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">) ve
Bağımsız Spor Federasyonlarının Çalışma Usul ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik
kapsamında hazırlanarak 18 Kasım 2022’de Resmî Gazete’de yayımlandı ve aynı
tarihte yürürlüğe girdi.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Statü ile başta
Federasyon’un idari yapısının ve kurullarının oluşturulması olmak üzere e-spor
alanında faaliyet gösteren aktörlerin uyması gereken usul ve esaslar
düzenleniyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Merkezi Ankara
olan Federasyon’un merkez teşkilatının genel kurul, yönetim kurulu, denetim
kurulu, disiplin kurulu ve genel sekreterlikten oluştuğu düzenlenmiş. Ayrıca
merkez dışında illerde Federasyon temsilciliklerinin kurulabileceği
belirtiliyor. Statü ayrıca bu kurulların görev, yetki ve sorumlulukların
oluşturulmasına ve üyelerinin sahip olması gereken özelliklerine ilişkin
detaylı hükümler içeriyor. Bu kapsamda Federasyon’un yapısının diğer bağımsız
spor federasyonlarına benzediği söylenebilir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Federasyon’un en
üst organı olan genel kurulun üye dağılımı, üye sayısının ve toplanma usulünün
ve zamanının da düzenlendiği Statü ile genel kurula Statü’yü değiştirmek dahil
birçok yetki tanınmış durumda. Genel kurulun ise sporcular, antrenörler,
Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı (&lt;/span>&lt;strong>Bakanlık&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">) temsilcileri, spor yazarları ve
spor kulüpleri temsilcileri gibi farklı kesimlerden oluşacağı düzenleniyor.
Böylece birçok yetkiye sahip genel kurulun, e-spor sektöründeki birçok farklı
çevreyi kapsadığını söylemek mümkün. Bu kapsamda sektörde yer alan paydaş
grupların Federasyon’da temsil edilmesi e-sporun gelişimi açısından oldukça
olumlu bir gelişme olarak göze çarpıyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Statü ile e-spor
sektöründeki en yetkili kurum Federasyon haline geldi. E-spor alanındaki tüm
faaliyetlerin Federasyon tarafından yürütüleceği ve yarışmalara, turnuvalara ve
bunların yayınlarına ilişkin Federasyon yönetim kurulunun yetkili olacağı
belirtilmiş. Bu kapsamda Federasyon tarafından disiplin yaptırımları
uygulanabilecek. Federasyon disiplin kurulu kararlarına ise Bakanlık nezdindeki
tahkim kuruluna itirazda bulunulabiliyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Ayrıca e-spor
alanında faaliyet gösteren Kanun kapsamındaki spor kulüplerinin ve spor anonim
şirketlerinin Bakanlık tarafından kayıt ve tescil edileceği de yer alan
düzenlemeler arasında. Bu düzenleme başta olmak üzere Statü incelendiğinde,
Kanun ve Statü’nün birbirine uyumlu olduğu ve paralel hükümler içerdiği
görülüyor. Böylece Kanun sonrası bazı spor dallarında yaşanan çelişkili
durumların e-sporda yaşanmasının önüne geçilmiş. Zira Federasyon ile
Bakanlık’ın yetki ve görevleri birbirini tamamlayıcı ve e-spor sektöründeki
belirsizliği giderecek nitelikte. Böylece e-spor alanındaki faaliyetlerin hem
Federasyon hem de Bakanlık aracılığıyla devlet tarafından regüle edilmesi ve
denetlenmesi ile sektörün büyümesi ve gelişmesi amaçlanıyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Statü’nün
yayımlanmasıyla birlikte bağımsız bir yapıya sahip Federasyon’un görev ve
yetkileri açıklık kazanmış oldu. Bu kapsamda e-spor alanındaki faaliyetlerin
denetimi ve düzenlenmesi konusunda yeni bir dönemin başlayacağını
söyleyebiliriz.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Statü’ye &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="http://tesfed.gov.tr/uploads/legislations/turkiye-e-spor-federasyonu-ana-statusu-tr.pdf" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">buradan&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> ulaşabilirsiniz.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Türkiye E-Spor Federasyonu Ana Statüsü (Statü), Türkiye E-Spor Federasyonu (Federasyon) tarafından Spor Kulüpleri ve Spor Federasyonları Kanunu (Kanun) ve Bağımsız Spor Federasyonlarının Çalışma Usul ve Esasları Hakkında Yönetmelik kapsamında hazırlanarak 18 Kasım 2022’de Resmî Gazete’de yayımlandı ve aynı tarihte yürürlüğe girdi.

Hukuki Perspektiften Taraftar Tokenleri

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