&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">“&lt;/span>&lt;em>Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti ile Belarus Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti Arasında
Yatırımların Karşılıklı Teşviki ve Korunmasına İlişkin Anlaşma&lt;/em>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">”nın (“&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">Anlaşma&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">”)
onaylanması hakkında Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararı 13 Aralık 2022 tarihli Resmi
Gazete’de yayınlanmıştı.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">25 Nisan 2023 tarihli Resmi Gazete’de yayınlanan 7164 Sayılı Cumhurbaşkanı Kararı
ile Anlaşma’nın 30 Aralık 2022’de yürürlüğe girdiği tespit edildi.
Böylelikle Anlaşma, 1995 tarihli Türkiye-Belarus İkili Yatırım Anlaşması’nın yerini
almıştır. Anlaşma, m. 2/2 uyarınca yürürlük tarihinden sonra tahkime sunulan
uyuşmazlıklar için uygulanacaktır.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Anlaşma, uyuşmazlık çözüm yöntemi olarak&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>(1)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> ev
sahibi devlet mahkemeleri,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>(2) &lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">ICSID nezdinde tahkim,&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>(3)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> UNCITRAL Tahkim
Kuralları uyarınca tahkim veya&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 2;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>(4)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> tarafların uzlaştığı kurallar uyarınca tahkimi
öngörmektedir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;hr>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Tagged with&lt;/strong>:&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/contributors/detail/akinci-law-office" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Akıncı Law Office&lt;/a>,&nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/writer/detail/ziya-akinci" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Ziya Akıncı&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">, &lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/writer/detail/beril-kasap" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Beril Kasap&lt;/a>&lt;/span>,&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/category/dispute-resolution" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Dispute Resolution&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/p>

“Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti ile Belarus Cumhuriyeti Hükümeti Arasında Yatırımların Karşılıklı Teşviki ve Korunmasına İlişkin Anlaşma” onaylanarak yürürlüğe girdi. Anlaşma, 1995 tarihli Türkiye-Belarus İkili Yatırım Anlaşması'nın yerini aldı. Anlaşma, tahkim, ev sahibi devlet mahkemeleri veya UNCITRAL Tahkim Kuralları ile uyuşmazlık çözümünü öngörüyor. 7164 sayılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kararı ile Anlaşma'nın 30 Aralık 2022'de yürürlüğe girdiği belirlendi. Anlaşma, uyuşmazlıkların yürürlük tarihinden sonra tahkime sunulması halinde geçerli olacak.

Türkiye - Belarus İkili Yatırım Anlaşması Yürürlüğe Girdi

Professor Dr. Ziya
 Akıncı is the founding partner of <a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/contributors/detail/akinci-law-office" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">Akıncı Law Office</a>. He has acted as an arbitrator and
 counsel in numerous ad-hoc and institutional international arbitration cases, including
 ones performed under the rules of ICC, UNCITRAL, ICSID, TRAC, ITO and others. Professor&nbsp;Akıncı is currently the president of the Istanbul Arbitration Centre
 (ISTAC) and the most sought-after Turkish arbitrator.&nbsp;He has for years
 been recognized by various legal directories as a "leading
 individual" in international arbitration, dispute resolution and
 construction.&nbsp;He is now the most popular choice from Turkey amongst
 candidates for arbitrator in arbitration tribunals around the world.&nbsp;
 Professor Akıncı is a native Turkish speaker and is fluent in English, with
 command of German.

&nbsp; 

As an arbitrator,
 party-counsel and expert, Professor Akıncı has acted under institutional
 arbitration rules including, among others, those of UNCITRAL, ICC, ICSID, the
 London Court of International Arbitration (“LCIA”), SCC, ITO and the Tehran
 Regional Arbitration Centre.&nbsp; Professor Akıncı is a member of the ICC and
 has been a member since 2006.&nbsp; He is also a member of the LCIA,
 International Bar Association, International Trademark Association, the Swiss
 Arbitration Association, the Turkish branch of the Swedish Chamber of Commerce
 and the Turkish-Scandinavian Businessmen's Association, and is an honorary
 member of the Swiss Arbitration Academy.&nbsp;

 

Professor Akıncı
 also has substantial experience in cross-border M&amp;A projects and local and
 cross-border corporate law. Professor Akıncı has written extensively,
 including books and articles, about international arbitration, construction
 disputes, international business, contract and transportation law. He
 also teaches international arbitration and contract law at Istanbul’s
 prestigious Galatasaray University Faculty of Law. Practice Areas &amp; Work Department

Arbitration

Construction

Litigation

&nbsp; 

Languages

Turkish

English

French

German

&nbsp; 

Memberships

Istanbul Bar

Istanbul Arbitration Centre, President

Akıncı Law Office is an international
 law firm, based in Istanbul Turkey, committed to providing high-quality legal
 service both in international and domestic practices. We provide specialized
 legal services to prominent local firms as well as to well-known corporations
 around the world. Akıncı Law Office is listed as one of the recommended law
 firms in the field of dispute resolution by Legal 500 and in the field of arbitration by Gar 100.

&nbsp; 

We assist our clients quickly and
 cost-efficiently with immediate advice and help in most countries throughout
 the World. Our clients range from public institutions, internationally renowned
 firms to small businesses and individual entrepreneurs.

&nbsp; 

Our main practice areas are
 international arbitration, foreign investment law mergers and acquisitions,
 international construction law, international business law, company and
 corporate law and employment law.

Akıncı Law Office

Founding Partner

Ms. Beril Kasap graduated from
Bilkent University with an Honours degree in Law. Ms. Kasap has been a member
of <a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/contributors/detail/akinci-law-office" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(3, 102, 132);">Akıncı Law Office</a>’s international and commercial arbitration team, working mainly on
commercial, construction, and investment cases.She actively works on every
stage of the dispute resolution process such as preparation for cases,
communications with the funders for potential ICSID cases, drafts of the
written submissions, and preparation for the hearings. She has attended several
hearings including ICC and ICSID cases. Ms. Kasap has been admitted to Istanbul
Bar since September 2021. Ms. Kasap is a native Turkish speaker and is fluent in
English. Practice Areas &amp; Work Department

International Dispute Resolution

Investment Disputes

Construction Disputes

&nbsp; 

Languages

English

Turkish

&nbsp; 

Memberships

Istanbul Bar Association

Associate

&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">FIDIC, Kapsam 3 Karbon Emisyonlarına Dair En İyi Uygulama Raporunu Yayımladı&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">FIDIC, Singapur'da düzenlenen yıllık Küresel Altyapı Konferansı'nda Kapsam 3 Karbon
Emisyonları’na dair “&lt;/span>&lt;em style="">&lt;strong>Altyapı Sektörünün Karbonsuzlaştırılması&lt;/strong>&lt;/em>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">” başlıklı en iyi uygulama
raporunu yayımladı.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Kapsam 3 Karbon Emisyonları, bir şirketin kendisi tarafından üretilmeyen
ve sahip olduğu veya kontrol ettiği varlıklardan kaynaklanmayan ancak değer zincirinde dolaylı
olarak sorumlu olduğu emisyonları kapsıyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">2023’te yayımlanan sürdürülebilir altyapı raporları serisinin bir parçası olan bu rapor, altyapı
sektöründeki yükleniciler ve danışman mühendisler için faydalı bir rehber niteliğini taşıyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">2023 Yılı “Dünyanın En Büyük 250 Uluslararası Müteahhidi” Listesinde 40 Türk
Firma Yer Aldı&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Engineering News Record (ENR), her yıl müteahhitlerin bir önceki yılda ülkeleri dışındaki
faaliyetlerinden elde ettikleri gelirleri esas alarak hazırladığı “Dünyanın En Büyük 250
Uluslararası Müteahhidi” listesini yayımladı.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Rusya-Ukrayna arasında süren savaşın neden
olduğu kayıp ve proje maliyetlerindeki artışa rağmen Türkiye, 2022 yılındaki performansıyla bu
yıl “Dünyanın En Büyük 250 Uluslararası Müteahhidi” listesinde 40 firma ile yer aldı. Böylece
Türkiye, firma sayısı esas alındığında geçen yıl olduğu gibi bu yıl da dünya çapında ikinci oldu.
Listede 81 firmayla birinci Çin olurken, üçüncü sırada 39 firma ile ABD yer aldı.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Türkiye’nin
küresel inşaat pazarındaki payı ise yüzde %4,4 oldu. Türk firmalarının faaliyetleri ağırlıklı
olarak Avrupa – Rusya dahil – (USD 9,2 milyar), Orta Doğu (USD 4,3 milyar), Afrika (USD 3,1
milyar) ve Asya (USD 1,9 milyar) bölgelerinde yoğunlaştı.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">Yargıtay Götürü Bedelli İnşaat Sözleşmesinde Yüklenicinin Hak Ettiği Bedelin
Fiziki Oran Yöntemiyle Hesaplanması Gerektiğine Hükmetmiştir&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay 15. Hukuk Dairesi, götürü bedelli inşaat sözleşmesinde yüklenicinin hak ettiği imalat
bedelini fiziki oran yöntemine uygun olarak hazırlanmayan bilirkişi raporuna dayanarak
hesaplayan ilk derece mahkemesi kararını bozmuştur.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yüksek mahkeme kararında, götürü bedelli
sözleşmede yüklenicinin hak ettiği imalât bedelinin, yüklenicinin sözleşme kapsamında
gerçekleştirdiği imalâtların eksik ve ayıpları da dikkate alınarak işin tamamına göre fiziki
oranının tespit edilip, bulunacak bu oranın götürü iş bedeline uygulanması suretiyle saptanması
gerektiğine hükmetmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

FIDIC, Singapur'da düzenlenen yıllık Küresel Altyapı Konferansı'nda Kapsam 3 Karbon Emisyonları’na dair “Altyapı Sektörünün Karbonsuzlaştırılması” başlıklı en iyi uygulama raporunu yayımladı. Kapsam 3 Karbon Emisyonları, bir şirketin kendisi tarafından üretilmeyen ve sahip olduğu veya kontrol ettiği varlıklardan kaynaklanmayan ancak değer zincirinde dolaylı olarak sorumlu olduğu emisyonları kapsıyor.

Akıncı İnşaat Bülteni - Ekim 2023

&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">Avrupa Komisyonu Enerji Şartı Anlaşması’ndan Çekilmeyi Resmi Olarak Önerdi&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Geçtiğimiz sene sekiz Avrupa Birliği (“&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">AB&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">”) ülkesinin Enerji Şartı Anlaşması’ndan
(“&lt;/span>&lt;strong>ECT&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">”) çekilmek istediğini duyurmasından sonra AB Parlamentosu AB Ülkeleri’ne
koordineli şekilde ECT’den çekilme çağrısı yapmıştı. ECT’nin modernleştirilmesi çabaları
başarısız olunca Avrupa Komisyonu; AB’ye, üye ülkelere ve Euratom’a (Avrupa Atom
Enerjisi Topluluğu) resmi olarak ECT’den çekilme çağrısı yaptı. Komisyon bu çağrısında
iklim değişikliğine vurgu yaparak kabul edildiği tarihten bu yana ECT’nin büyük ölçüde
aynı kaldığını ve Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı, Paris Anlaşması ile AB’nin iklim hedefleriyle
artık uyumsuz olduğunu ifade etti. Anlaşmadan çekilmenin onaylanması için
Komisyon’un teklifinin oylama yapılarak kabul edilmesi gerekiyor.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">Yargıtay Tahkim Yargılaması Usulüne İlişkin İtirazların Süresinde İleri Sürülmesi
Gerektiği ve Hakem Kararının Esastan İncelenemeyeceğine Karar Verdi&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay 6. Hukuk Dairesi, 28 Mart 2023 tarih ve 2023/989 E. ve 2023/1241 K. sayılı
kararı ile hakem kararının iptali talebinin kabulüne ilişkin Bölge Adliye Mahkemesi
kararını bozdu.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Söz konusu kararda Bölge Adliye Mahkemesi &lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">(a)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> tahkim anlaşmasına göre atanan hakem
heyetinin kurulma usulünün tarafsızlığa ve eşitliğe aykırı olduğunu, &lt;/span>&lt;strong>(b)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> hakemlerce
hükme esas alınan bilirkişi raporunu hazırlayan bilirkişinin hakem heyeti üyelerinden
biriyle çıkar çatışması olduğunu ve &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">(c)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> hakem kararının kamu düzenine aykırı olduğunu
tespit ederek hakem kararının iptaline karar vermiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay, Bölge Adliye Mahkemesi’nin bu kararını bozarak tarafların hakemlerin seçim
usulünü sözleşmeyle belirlediğini ve taraflarca kararlaştırılan bu düzenlemenin iptal
nedeni olamayacağını, hakem heyeti üyesi ile bilirkişinin arasındaki menfaat
çatışmasına yönelik itirazın HMK m. 409 gereği tahkim yargılaması sırasında ileri
sürülmediği için dikkate alınmayacağını işaret etmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Son olarak Yargıtay, hakem heyetinin bilirkişi deliline başvurup başvurmamak
konusunda takdir yetkisine sahip olduğunu, uygulanacak hukuk kurallarının tespiti ve
tahlilinin hakem heyetine ait olduğunu ve hakem kararının esastan incelenemeyeceğini
tespit ederek bu konudaki içtihadını güçlendirmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">Ağustos Ayında Türk Tahkim Dünyasında Neler Yaşandı?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ISTAC Milletlerarası Tahkim Divanı’na dünyaca ünlü tahkim uzmanı Gary Born atandı.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Geçtiğimiz sene sekiz Avrupa Birliği (“AB”) ülkesinin Enerji Şartı Anlaşması’ndan (“ECT”) çekilmek istediğini duyurmasından sonra AB Parlamentosu AB Ülkeleri’ne koordineli şekilde ECT’den çekilme çağrısı yapmıştı. ECT’nin modernleştirilmesi çabaları başarısız olunca Avrupa Komisyonu; AB’ye, üye ülkelere ve Euratom’a (Avrupa Atom Enerjisi Topluluğu) resmi olarak ECT’den çekilme çağrısı yaptı. Komisyon bu çağrısında iklim değişikliğine vurgu yaparak kabul edildiği tarihten bu yana ECT’nin büyük ölçüde aynı kaldığını ve Avrupa Yeşil Mutabakatı, Paris Anlaşması ile AB’nin iklim hedefleriyle artık uyumsuz olduğunu ifade etti. Anlaşmadan çekilmenin onaylanması için Komisyon’un teklifinin oylama yapılarak kabul edilmesi gerekiyor.

Akıncı Tahkim Bülteni - Eylül 2023

&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">European Commission formally proposed ECT withdrawal&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">Last year, after eight European Union ("&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">EU&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">") countries announced their intention to
withdraw from the Energy Charter Treaty ("&lt;/span>&lt;strong>ECT&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">"), the EU Parliament urged EU Member
States to withdraw from the ECT in a coordinated manner. When efforts to modernise
the ECT proved unsuccessful, the European Commission formally called on the EU,
Member States and Euratom to withdraw from the ECT. In its call, the Commission
emphasised the critical issue of climate change and stated that the ECT has remained
largely unchanged since its adoption, rendering it no longer compatible with the
European Green Deal, the Paris Agreement and the EU's climate goals. The
Commission's proposal needs to be adopted by a vote to approve withdrawal from the
Treaty.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Court of Cassation Decided that the Objections Regarding the Procedure of
Arbitration Proceedings Must be Raised Timely and the Arbitral Award cannot be
Reviewed on the Merits&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">With its decision dated 28 March 2023 and numbered 2023/989 E. and 2023/1241 K,
the 6. Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation overturned the Regional Court of Appeal’s
decision which granted the setting aside motion against an arbitral award.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The Regional Court of Appeal accepted the setting aside application, concluding that &lt;/span>&lt;strong>(a)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">
the composition of the tribunal that was appointed pursuant to the arbitration
agreement is contrary to impartiality and equality, &lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px;">(b)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> the expert who was instructed by
the tribunal to prepare an expert report had a conflict of interest with one of the
members of the tribunal and &lt;/span>&lt;strong>(c)&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;"> that the award was contrary to public policy.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">The Court of Cassation overturned the decision of the Regional Court of Appeal, pointing
out that the parties mutually agreed on the procedure for the selection of the arbitrators
by agreement and that this agreement cannot be a ground for setting aside the award.
Furthermore, the Court of Cassation held that the objection regarding the conflict of
interest between one of the members of the tribunal and the expert shall not be taken
into consideration since it was not raised during the arbitration proceedings in
accordance with Article 409 of the Turkish Civil Code of Procedure (“&lt;/span>&lt;strong>CCP&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">”).&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Finally, the Court of Cassation reaffirmed its legal precedent which maintains that the
arbitral tribunal has the discretion whether to resort to expert evidence, that the
determination and analysis of the applicable law belong to the arbitral tribunal and that
the award cannot be reviewed on its merits.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">What Happened in Turkish Arbitration in August 2023?&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Gary Born, a world-renowned arbitration expert, was appointed to the ISTAC Court of
International Arbitration.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Last year, after eight European Union ("EU") countries announced their intention to withdraw from the Energy Charter Treaty ("ECT"), the EU Parliament urged EU Member States to withdraw from the ECT in a coordinated manner. When efforts to modernise the ECT proved unsuccessful, the European Commission formally called on the EU, Member States and Euratom to withdraw from the ECT. In its call, the Commission emphasised the critical issue of climate change and stated that the ECT has remained largely unchanged since its adoption, rendering it no longer compatible with the European Green Deal, the Paris Agreement and the EU's climate goals. The Commission's proposal needs to be adopted by a vote to approve withdrawal from the Treaty.

Akıncı Arbitration Newsletter - September 2023

&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi, Yabancı Hakem Kararı Alacaklılarının RICO’ya
Dayanarak Talepte Bulunabileceğine Hükmetti&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi, tahkim yargılaması sonucunda verilen hakem kararını ABD’de
tenfiz ederek alacağını tahsil etmek isteyen yabancıları ilgilendiren önemli bir karar
verdi. Yüksek Mahkeme, 22 Haziran 2023 tarihli kararında, ABD vatandaşı olmayan
kişilerin de Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act’e (“&lt;/span>&lt;strong>RICO&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">”) dayanarak
talepte bulunabileceği sonucuna ulaştı.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Karara konu olayda, davacı Rus vatandaşı, davalı Rus vatandaşına karşı bir LCIA tahkim
davasını kazanmıştır. Davacı, hakem kararını Kaliforniya yerel mahkemesinde tenfiz
ettirmiş ve davalının Kaliforniya’daki mal varlıkları dondurulmuştur. Bu süreçte, davalı
başka bir tahkim davasını kazanmış ve burada lehine hükmedilen alacağı ABD’deki
tedbirlerden etkilenmemek adına off-shore kuruluşlarla saklamaya çalışmıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Bunun üzerine davacı, RICO hükümlerine dayanarak Kaliforniya yerel mahkemesinde
dava açmış ve bu dava reddedilmiştir. İlk derece mahkemesi, RICO’nun yalnızca
ABD’deki malvarlıklarında meydana gelen ülke içi zararlarda uygulanabileceğini,
davacının Rus vatandaşı olması nedeniyle ülke içi zarar koşulunun oluşmadığını
belirtmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Kararın istinafı üzerine, istinaf mahkemesi, alacaklı ABD vatandaşı olmasa dahi alacağın
ABD’de tahsil edilemediği bir durumda ülke içi zarar şartının gerçekleşeceğine
hükmetmiştir. Yüksek Mahkeme de bu yaklaşımı uygun bulmuş ve kararı onamıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay, Önceki Yargılamada Tahkim İtirazı İleri Sürüldükten Sonra Tahkim Şartı
Hilafına Yerel Mahkemede Yeni Bir Dava Açılmasını Dürüstlük Kuralına Aykırı
Buldu&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Davacı kooperatif, arsa payı karşılığı inşaat sözleşmesinde tahkim şartı bulunmasına
rağmen davalı yükleniciye karşı yerel mahkemede dava açmıştır. İlk derece mahkemesi,
davayı taraflar arasındaki sözleşmede tahkim şartı bulunması sebebiyle usulden
reddetmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Davacı istinaf başvurusunda bulunarak tahkim şartının geçersiz olduğunu, davalının
aralarındaki tahkim sözleşmesini ispatlaması gerektiğini ancak ispat yükünü yerine
getiremediğini ileri sürmüştür.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Davacı; bu konuda tahkim sözleşmesinin geçerliliği için yönetim kurulunun kooperatif
tarafından verilen bir yetkiye dayanarak tahkim sözleşmesini imzaladığının davalı
tarafından ispatı gerektiğini belirtmiştir. Bölge Adliye Mahkemesi ise istinaf
başvurusunu esastan reddetmiştir. Bunun üzerine davacı temyiz yoluna başvurmuştur.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay 6. Hukuk Dairesi 25 Ocak 2023 tarihli ve 2023/291 E., 2023/259 K. sayılı
kararında davacının, daha öncesinde davalı tarafından aynı sözleşmeye dayanarak yerel
mahkemede açılan başka bir davada tahkim itirazında bulunduğunu tespit etmiştir. Buna
dayalı olarak mahkeme, davacının mevcut davada tahkim anlaşmasının geçersizliğini
ileri sürmesinin dürüstlük kuralına aykırılık oluşturduğuna, davalının tahkim itirazının
haklı olduğuna ve uyuşmazlığın tahkim usulüyle çözülmesi gerektiğine hükmederek ilk
derece ve istinaf mahkemesi kararlarını onamıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Haziran Ayında Türk Tahkim Dünyasında Neler Yaşandı?&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ISTAC ve Asya Uluslararası Tahkim Merkezi arasında bir iş birliği anlaşması
imzalanmıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">ISTAC tarafından “&lt;/span>&lt;em>Tahkim Yargılamasında 1 Numaralı Usuli Ara Karar&lt;/em>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">” başlıklı bir
konferans gerçekleştirilmiştir. Floriane Lavaud tarafından modere edilen konferansta
ofisimiz kurucu ortağı Prof. Dr. Ziya Akıncı “1 Numaralı Usuli Ara Karar’ın Pratik ve
Hukuki Yönü” başlıklı bir konuşma yapmıştır. Dr. Anna Kozmenko, “1 Numaralı Usuli
Ara Kararda Numaralı Yazılı Beyanlara, Eklere ve Bildirimlere İlişkin Kurallar” hakkında
katılımcılara bilgi vermiş, Steven Finizio “1 Numaralı Usuli Ara Kararda Belge İbrazına
İlişkin Kurallar” konusunda bir sunum yapmıştır. Hussein Haeri ise “1 Numaralı Usuli
Ara Kararda Tanıklara, Uzmanlara ve Duruşmaya İlişkin Kurallar” başlıklı bir sunum
gerçekleştirmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;hr>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Tagged with&lt;/strong>:&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/contributors/detail/akinci-law-office" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Akıncı Law Office&lt;/a>,&nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/writer/detail/ziya-akinci" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Ziya Akıncı&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">,&lt;/span>&nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/writer/detail/erdem-kucuker" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Erdem Küçüker&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">,&lt;/span>&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/category/dispute-resolution" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Dispute Resolution&lt;/a>,&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/category/dispute-resolution" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Tahkim&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/p>

ABD Yüksek Mahkemesi, tahkim yargılaması sonucunda verilen hakem kararını ABD’de tenfiz ederek alacağını tahsil etmek isteyen yabancıları ilgilendiren önemli bir karar verdi. Yüksek Mahkeme, 22 Haziran 2023 tarihli kararında, ABD vatandaşı olmayan kişilerin de Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act’e (“RICO”) dayanarak talepte bulunabileceği sonucuna ulaştı.

Akıncı Tahkim Bülteni - Temmuz 2023

&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">US Supreme Court Ruled that Creditors of Foreign Arbitral Awards May Bring
Claims Based on RICO&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The US Supreme Court issued an important decision concerning foreigners who want to
collect their receivables by enforcing the relevant arbitral award in the US. In its
decision dated 22 June 2023, the Supreme Court concluded that non-US citizens may
also bring claims based on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
(“&lt;strong>RICO&lt;/strong>”).&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In the case at hand, the claimant, a Russian national, won an LCIA arbitration against
the respondent, a Russian national. The claimant enforced the arbitral award in
California district court and the respondent's assets in California were frozen. In the
meantime, the respondent won another arbitration case and tried to hide the receivable
awarded in its favour in off-shore entities in order to avoid being affected by the
measures in the US.&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Thereupon, the claimant filed a lawsuit in the California district court based on the RICO
provisions, and the case was dismissed. The court of first instance held that RICO could
only be applied to domestic injury to assets in the United States and that the
requirement of domestic injury was not fulfilled since the claimant was a Russian
citizen.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Upon the appeal of the decision, the Court of Appeal ruled that even if the creditor is not
a US citizen, the domestic loss requirement will be fulfilled in a situation where the
receivable cannot be collected in the US. The Supreme Court also found this approach
appropriate and upheld the decision.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Court of Cassation Ruled that Filing a New Lawsuit at the Local Court in
Violation of the Arbitration Clause, after the Objection to Arbitration Was Raised
in the Previous Proceedings Is Contrary to the Rule of Honesty&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The claimant filed a lawsuit against the respondent in the local court, despite the
arbitration clause in the construction contract. The court of first instance dismissed the
case on procedural grounds due to the arbitration clause in the contract between the
parties.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The claimant filed an appeal and argued that the arbitration clause was invalid, and that
the respondent had to prove the arbitration agreement between the parties but failed to
substantiate its defences. The claimant stated that for the validity of the arbitration
agreement, the defendant should prove that the board of directors signed the arbitration
agreement based on an authorisation granted by the claimant. The Regional Court of
Appeal rejected the appeal on the merits. Thereupon, the claimant appealed.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In its decision dated 25 January 2023 and numbered 2023/291 E., 2023/259 K., the 6th
Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation found that the claimant had previously filed an
objection for arbitration in another case that was commenced by the respondent in the
local court, based on the same agreement. In this regard, the court ruled that the
claimant’s objection to the validity of the arbitration agreement in the present case
constituted a breach of good faith. The court further held that the respondent’s objection
to arbitration was justified and that the dispute should be resolved by arbitration. The
court thereby upheld the decisions of the court of first instance and the court of appeal.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify; line-height: 1;">&lt;br>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;strong style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">What Happened in Turkish Arbitration in June 2023?&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">A cooperation agreement was signed between ISTAC and the Asian International
Arbitration Centre.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ISTAC organised a conference titled "Best Practise of Procedural Order No. 1". The
conference was moderated by Floriane Lavaud. At the conference, Prof. Dr. Ziya Akıncı,
founding partner of our office, delivered a speech titled "Practical and Legal Aspects of
PO 1". Dr. Anna Kozmenko informed the participants on "Ruling on Written
Submissions, Exhibits and Notifications in PO 1" and Steven Finizio made a presentation
on "Ruling on Document Production in PO 1". Hussein Haeri made a presentation on
"Ruling on Witnesses, Expert Witnesses and the Hearing in PO 1".&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;hr>&lt;p>&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>Tagged with&lt;/strong>:&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/contributors/detail/akinci-law-office" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Akıncı Law Office&lt;/a>,&nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/writer/detail/ziya-akinci" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Ziya Akıncı&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">,&lt;/span>&nbsp;&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/writer/detail/erdem-kucuker" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Erdem Küçüker&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">,&lt;/span>&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/category/dispute-resolution" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Dispute Resolution&lt;/a>,&nbsp;&lt;a href="https://turkishlawblog.com/insights/category/dispute-resolution" target="_blank" style="color: rgb(2, 102, 132);">Tahkim&lt;/a>&lt;/span>&lt;br>&lt;/p>

The US Supreme Court issued an important decision concerning foreigners who want to collect their receivables by enforcing the relevant arbitral award in the US. In its decision dated 22 June 2023, the Supreme Court concluded that non-US citizens may also bring claims based on the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”).

Akıncı Arbitration Newsletter - July 2023

&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Law No. 7445 on the Amendment of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law and Certain Laws
("&lt;strong>Law&lt;/strong>") was published in the Official Gazette on 5 April 2023. The Law introduced significant
amendments regarding mediation, as the scope of disputes subject to mediation continue to
expand. Some of the amendments entered into force on 5 April 2023, while the rest of the
amendments entered into force on 1 September 2023.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Law also establishes certain facilitations related to mediation documents, paving the way for
the system to work more efficiently. In this article, we will discuss the amendments as well as the
new regulations introduced by the Law.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">1. Amendments Regarding Mediation Institution in Commercial Disputes&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Turkey is a party to the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements
("&lt;strong>Singapore Convention&lt;/strong>") which aims at increasing execution of settlement agreements at the
end of mediation processes. To ensure effective implementation of the Singapore Convention’s
purposes, as of 5 April 2023, the Law provides that settlement agreements concluded after
mediation processes (falling within the scope of the Singapore Convention) can be enforced by
obtaining an enforceability certificate from the first instance commercial courts.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Furthermore, individuals not registered in the Mediators Registry can act as mediators in disputes
falling within the scope of the Singapore Convention.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Law also introduced a facility for settlement agreements concluded through mediation in
commercial disputes. Before the amendment, if the settlement agreement was signed by the
parties, their attorneys, and the mediator, it could be directly enforced. However, if only the parties&nbsp;and the mediator or only the attorneys and the mediator signed the agreement, it could be
enforced only after an enforceability certificate is obtained from the court. With the Law, in
commercial disputes, settlement agreements that are jointly signed by attorneys and the mediator
can now be enforced without the need for an enforceability certificate (to be obtained from the
court). This amendment streamlines the process by eliminating the requirement for the parties'
signatures in settlement agreements. However, this facility does not apply to cases where
obtaining an enforceability certificate is mandatory. In such cases, even if the agreement is signed
by both the parties and the mediator, it cannot be considered an enforceable document without
an enforceability certificate. [1]&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Last amendment related to commercial disputes is the inclusion of annulment of objection
lawsuits, restitution lawsuits, and negative declaratory lawsuits within the scope of mandatory
mediation. Annulment of objection and restitution lawsuits were already considered as being
subject to mandatory mediation in the current practice, with some hesitations. However, it is an
important amendment that negative declaratory lawsuits are also subject to mandatory mediation.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">2. Amendments Regarding Mediation Institution in Employment Disputes&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">With the Law, annulment of objection lawsuits, restitution lawsuits, and negative declaratory
lawsuits related to employee or employer claims and compensation claims also became subject to
mandatory mediation.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong style="">3. Amendments Regarding Mediation Institution in Real Property and Lease
Disputes&lt;/strong>&lt;/span>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">New amendments allow parties to resort to mediation in disputes regarding transfer of immovables
and establishment of limited rights in rem on immovables. In such cases, the settlement
agreement, if reached, can serve as the basis for actions related to the transfer of the immovable
or the establishment of limited rights in rem on the immovable. This amendment ended
discussions on whether an enforceability certificate can be obtained for settlement agreements
prepared as a result of mediation processes that impose an obligation to dispose of immovable
property.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Another amendment introduced concerns disputes related to the transfer of immovables and the
establishment of limited rights in rem on immovables. In these disputes, parties may, during the
mediation process, annotate the title deed in a way that restricts the power of disposition on the
relevant immovable. Accordingly, parties may place a restriction on the transfer of the immovable
or the establishment of limited rights in rem on the immovable as an indication of their willingness
for mediation and mutual trust at the beginning of the process. This restriction will be lifted upon&nbsp;the mediator's request if the parties cannot settle &lt;u>or&lt;/u> if the parties mutually agree on lifting of the
restriction &lt;u>or&lt;/u> automatically at the end of a three-month period.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Another amendment is related to lease disputes. Except for provisions related to the evacuation
of leased immovables through execution without a court order, mediation has become a procedural
prerequisite for all types of disputes arising from lease relationships. Within this context, lawsuits
cannot be filed in these disputes without completing a mediation process. Especially recently, the
number of disputes related to residential and workplace leases have been significantly increased.
This amendment is expected to reduce the courts’ workload.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Mediation has also become a procedural prerequisite for disputes related to the elimination of joint
ownership in movable and immovable properties, disputes arising from the Condominium Law,
and disputes stemming from neighbor rights.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It is worth emphasizing that it is required to obtain an enforceability certificate for settlement
agreements when resorting to mediation for foregoing types of disputes reviewed under this
Section 3.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;hr>&lt;p style="text-align: justify;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;strong>[1]&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;The amendments from the beginning of this bulletin to the end of this paragraph entered force on 5 April 2023. The
amendments after this paragraph entered into force on 1 September 2023.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Law No. 7445 on the Amendment of the Enforcement and Bankruptcy Law and Certain Laws ("Law") was published in the Official Gazette on 5 April 2023. The Law introduced significant amendments regarding mediation, as the scope of disputes subject to mediation continue to expand. Some of the amendments entered into force on 5 April 2023, while the rest of the amendments entered into force on 1 September 2023.

New Regulations Expanding Mediation's Scope

The dispute between the parties arose from an amendment extending the term of a surety agreement. The parties have agreed that the disputes arising from the surety agreement will be resolved through arbitration. The plaintiff initiated execution proceedings for the collection of the receivable deriving from the general loan arrangement and surety agreement. Thereafter, the defendant objected to the execution proceedings and the plaintiff therefore initiated an action for cancellation of the objection to be able to proceed with the execution proceedings. The action for cancellation of the objection was initiated before Turkish courts despite the existence of an arbitration agreement, therefore, the defendant raised an arbitration objection against the jurisdiction of Turkish courts. The arbitration objection was upheld by the court, which then dismissed the plaintiff’s lawsuit on the basis of lack of jurisdiction.

Esin / Arbitration Quarterly - September 2023

&lt;h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: bakermckenzieberniniheader; font-weight: 500; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 24px;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Yeni Gelişme&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay İçtihatları Birleştirme Büyük Genel Kurulu (“&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Kurul&lt;/strong>“), 2021/5 E., 2023/2 K. sayılı kararı&nbsp; (“&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Karar&lt;/strong>“) ile mahkeme kararlarında hatalı olarak gösterilen kanun yolu süresine göre yapılan kanun yolu başvurusunun incelenmesi gerektiğine karar vermiştir. Kararın sonuç kısmı bütün mahkemeler ile adli ve idari organlar üzerinde bağlayıcı olacaktır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">14.09.2023 tarihli Resmi Gazete’de yayınlanan karara&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/esinxchange.com/collect/click.aspx?u=cWtZbjE5NWhHM2wzeTVsRUFPOHN0bkNQaW9KWm5QbFUraUZ1TytQclVnTFVtWGQ3Rjg0OE1nb0lKdXJxMy9ya1VKSitJc241NXphVkxNWEpvNU1HRGVPcXhPMC95VEFOelVta2RCek1telhpQW1IOFVRWHJLdzVnSHo5OWFVY2c=&amp;rh=ff00b5625c91f298a7f139bb694a89c43a1aa3ee__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!SCzn3BRQZTEdbKUF2H5gqQkeh1bI9Symglf6g7Gy6Frih7tNJCC7QARcOGRy8HdVVOCblcLe7h-J9W2VjwOGDIBuf3GsKg$" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(3, 102, 132); text-decoration: none; outline: none !important;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">buradan&lt;/a>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">&nbsp;ulaşabilirsiniz.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: bakermckenzieberniniheader; font-weight: 500; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 24px;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Kurul’un İçtihatları Birleştirme Kararı’nın Gerekçeleri&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Kurul’un içtihatları birleştirme kararının konusu, kesin nitelikte olduğu tartışmasız olan kanun yoluna başvuru süresinin mahkemelerce hüküm fıkrasında hatalı olarak gösterilmesine ilişkindir. Bu hususta Yargıtay Hukuk Genel Kurulu da dahil olmak üzere Yargıtay’ın bazı daireleri arasında görüş ve uygulama farklılığı ortaya çıkmıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Daireler arası ihtilafın temelinde, hatalı süreye dayanılarak yapılan kanun yolu başvurusunun esastan incelenmesinin kanunun kesin süreye bağladığı sonuçları bertaraf edip etmeyeceği yatmaktadır.&lt;br style="box-sizing: border-box;">İlk olarak Kurul, kanun yoluna başvuru hakkının, Anayasa’da güvence altına alınan hak arama özgürlüğü ve mahkemeye erişim hakkının ayrılmaz parçası olduğunu tespit etmiş ve bu haklar doğrultusunda bir değerlendirme yapılmasına karar vermiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Bu değerlendirmeye göre Kurul, bir hukuk devletinin en temel yükümlülüklerinden birinin Anayasa madde 40 uyarınca bireylerin hak ve hürriyetlerinin ihlali neticesinde gerekli başvuru yollarının sağlanması olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Nitekim, Anayasa’nın 36. maddesinde düzenlenen hak arama özgürlüğü ile kişilerin davacı ve davalı olarak başvurma ile iddia, savunma ve adil yargılanma haklarının güvence altına alındığı saptamasını yapmıştır. Kurul, bu sebeple, mahkemeye erişim hakkının hak arama özgürlüğünün temel bir unsuru olduğunu belirtmiştir. Öyle ki mahkemeye erişimin hakkının sağlanmadığı bir durumda adil yargılanma hakkının içerdiği diğer güvencelerin de işlemez hale geleceğini söylemiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Kurul ayrıca, devletin yurttaşlarına hukuki korunma sağlamasının yanında bunun kullanılmasını sağlayacak etkili mekanizmaları tesis etme yükümlülüğü altında olduğunu belirtmiştir. Kurul, bu hususta Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi’nin (“&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">AİHM&lt;/strong>“) mahkemeye erişim hakkının hukukun üstünlüğü ilkesinin ayrılmaz bir parçası olduğu, bu sebeple mahkemeye başvuru açısından tutarlı bir sistemin varlığının ve bireylerin mahkemeye erişmede açık, pratik ve etkili fırsatlara sahip olması gerektiği şeklindeki bulgularına atıf yapmıştır. Benzer şekilde, Kurul, AİHM’in&nbsp;&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bayar ve Gürbüz/Türkiye&nbsp;&lt;/em>kararında vardığı iç hukukta tanınan kanun yollarına başvuru hakkının etkili şekilde kullanılması gerektiği yönündeki görüşünü de alıntılamıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Buna ek olarak, Kurul Anayasa’nın 40. maddesi uyarınca sağlanan, devletin işlemlerinde bireylere hangi kanun yollarına hangi sürelerde başvurması gerektiği yönündeki bildirim yükümlülüğünün hak arama özgürlüğü bakımından zorunluluk olduğunu belirtmiştir. Ayrıca, 6100 sayılı Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu madde 297 uyarınca hukuk davalarında mahkemelerce kurulacak hükümlerin içermesi gereken unsurlardan birinin de varsa kanun yolları ile başvuru süresi olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Kurul, başvuru mercii ile süresinin doğru olarak gösterilmesinin anayasal bir gereklilik olduğu sonucuna varmıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Kurul, kanun yollarına başvuru süresinin kesin ve hak düşürücü süre niteliğinde olduğu hususunda tartışma olmadığını belirtmiştir. Bununla birlikte, kanun yoluna başvurunun geç yapılmasında mahkemelerin hatası olan durumlarda (örneğin başvuru süresinin yanlış gösterilmesi) kanun yollarına başvuru süresinin kesin niteliğine sıkı sıkıya bağlı kalmanın bireylerin mahkemeye erişim haklarını ihlal edebileceğini ifade etmiştir. Bu sebeple, hatalı olarak gösterilen kanun yolu süresine uyularak yapılan başvurunun, adil yargılanma ve mahkemeye erişim hakları kapsamında değerlendirilerek süresinde yapılmış sayılması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşmıştır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Son olarak Kurul, mahkemenin hükümde hatalı olarak gösterdiği kanun yolu başvuru sürelerinin kanunda öngörülmüş olması gerektiğini, yoksa hiç düzenlenmemiş bir süre hakkında verilebilecek hatalı hükmün taraflara kanun yoluna başvuru hakkı sağlamayacağını belirtmiştir. Kurul, mahkemelerce hatalı olarak kanun yolunun açık olduğunun belirtildiği durumlarda, esastan kanun yolu incelemesi yapılamayacağını ifade etmiştir.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: bakermckenzieberniniheader; font-weight: 500; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 24px;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Sonuç&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; color: rgb(9, 9, 9); font-size: 14px;">Yargıtay İçtihatları Birleştirme Büyük Genel Kurulu’nun kararı ile mahkemenin hükmünde hatalı olarak gösterdiği kanun yoluna başvuru süresine uyularak yapılan başvuruların esastan incelenmesi yönünde içtihatları birleştirme kararı verilmiştir. Kurul’un vardığı bu sonuç konusu itibarıyla diğer mahkemeler, adli ve idari makamlar üzerinde bağlayıcı olacaktır.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

Yargıtay İçtihatları Birleştirme Büyük Genel Kurulu (“Kurul“), 2021/5 E., 2023/2 K. sayılı kararı  (“Karar“) ile mahkeme kararlarında hatalı olarak gösterilen kanun yolu süresine göre yapılan kanun yolu başvurusunun incelenmesi gerektiğine karar vermiştir. Kararın sonuç kısmı bütün mahkemeler ile adli ve idari organlar üzerinde bağlayıcı olacaktır.

Yargıtay’dan Önemli Bir İçtihatları Birleştirme Kararı

&lt;h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: bakermckenzieberniniheader; font-weight: 500; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 24px;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Recent Development&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">With its decision numbered 2021/5 E., 2023/2 K. (“&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Decision&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">“), the Court of Cassation General Assembly on the Unification of Judgements (“&lt;/span>&lt;strong style="font-size: 14px; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Court&lt;/strong>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">“) has decided that the application for legal remedy made according to the legal remedy period shown erroneously in the court decisions should be examined. The conclusion of the Decision shall be binding on all courts and judicial and administrative bodies.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">You can access the decision published in the Official Gazette dated 14.09.2023&nbsp;&lt;/span>&lt;a href="https://urldefense.com/v3/__https:/esinxchange.com/collect/click.aspx?u=cWtZbjE5NWhHM2wzeTVsRUFPOHN0bkNQaW9KWm5QbFUraUZ1TytQclVnTFVtWGQ3Rjg0OE1nb0lKdXJxMy9ya1VKSitJc241NXphVkxNWEpvNU1HRGVPcXhPMC95VEFOelVta2RCek1telhpQW1IOFVRWHJLdzVnSHo5OWFVY2c=&amp;rh=ff00b5625c91f298a7f139bb694a89c43a1aa3ee__;!!Hj9Y_P0nvg!SCzn3BRQZTEdbKUF2H5gqQkeh1bI9Symglf6g7Gy6Frih7tNJCC7QARcOGRy8HdVVOCblcLe7h-J9W2VjwOGDIBuf3GsKg$" style="box-sizing: border-box; background: 0px 0px; color: rgb(3, 102, 132); text-decoration: none; outline: none !important;" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">here&lt;/a>&lt;span style="font-size: 14px;">.&lt;/span>&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: bakermckenzieberniniheader; font-weight: 500; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 24px;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">What does this development mean?&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The subject of the Court’s decision to unify the case-law is the erroneous indication by the courts in the paragraph of the judgment of the period of application for legal remedy, which is undisputed to be of a final nature. On this issue, a difference of opinion and practice has emerged between some chambers of the Court of Cassation, including the General Assembly of Civil Chambers.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The basis of the dispute between the chambers is whether examining the application for legal remedy made based on the erroneous deadline on its merits will eliminate the consequences that the law binds to the definitive period.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">First of all, the Court has determined that the right to apply for a remedy is an integral part of the freedom to claim rights and the right of access to the court guaranteed by the Constitution, and has decided to make an assessment in line with these rights.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">According to this assessment, the Court stated that one of the most fundamental obligations of&nbsp;&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rechtsstaat&lt;/em>&nbsp;is to provide individuals with the necessary remedies as a result of the violation of their rights and freedoms pursuant to Article 40 of the Constitution. As a matter of fact, the Court has determined that the freedom to claim rights regulated under Article 36 of the Constitution guarantees the right of individuals to apply both as plaintiffs and defendants, as well as their right to claim, defense and fair trial. For this reason, the Court stated that the right of access to the court is a fundamental element of the freedom to claim rights. In fact, it stated that in a situation where the right of access to the court is not ensured, the other guarantees contained in the right to a fair trial will also become ineffective.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Court further stated that the state is under an obligation not only to provide legal protection to its citizens but also to establish effective mechanisms to ensure its exercise. In this respect, the Court referred to the findings of the European Court of Human Rights (“&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">ECHR&lt;/strong>“) that the right of access to a court is an integral part of the principle of the rule of law and therefore, there must be a coherent system of recourse to the courts and individuals must have clear, practical and effective opportunities to access the courts. Similarly, the Court cited the ECHR’s ruling in&nbsp;&lt;em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Bayar and Gürbüz v. Turkey&lt;/em>&nbsp;that the right to apply for legal remedies, recognized under domestic law, must be effectively exercised.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">In addition to the above matters, the Court stated that the obligation of the state in its proceedings to inform individuals of the legal remedies and the time periods within which they must apply to the legal remedies, as provided under Article 40 of the Constitution, is an obligation in terms of freedom to claim rights. Furthermore, the Court stated that, pursuant to Article 297 of the Code of Civil Procedures No. 6100, one of the elements that must be included in the judgments of the courts in civil cases is the legal remedies, if any, and the application period for them. The Court concluded that it is a constitutional requirement that the correct indication of the legal remedy and its period of application is provided.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The Court further stated that there is no dispute that the period of application for legal remedies is a definite and prescriptive period. However, the Court emphasized that in cases where the courts are at fault for the late filing of the application for a legal remedy (for instance, when the courts erroneously indicate the application period), a strict adherence to the definite nature of the period for the application for remedies may violate the right of access to the courts. Thus, the Court concluded that the application made in accordance with the erroneously indicated legal remedy period should be deemed to have been filed in due time by evaluating it within the scope of the right to a fair trial and right to access to the court.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Finally, the Court stated that the application periods for legal remedies that the courts erroneously indicated in their judgments must be stipulated in the law. Otherwise, an erroneous judgment on a period that is not regulated at all shall not provide the parties with the right to apply for a legal remedy. The Court stated that in cases where the courts erroneously indicate in the judgment that the legal remedy is available, a judicial review cannot be conducted on the merits.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>&lt;h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: bakermckenzieberniniheader; font-weight: 500; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); margin-top: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 24px;">&lt;strong style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Conclusion&lt;/strong>&lt;/h2>&lt;p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(17, 17, 17); font-family: bakermckenzieberniniregular; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; font-size: 13px;">&lt;span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">With the decision of the Court of Cassation General Assembly on the Unification of Judgements, a decision was made to unify the case law in order to enable the examination of the applications made in compliance with the period of application for legal remedy, which the courts erroneously indicated in their judgments, on the merits. This conclusion of the Court shall be binding in terms of its subject on other courts, judicial and administrative authorities.&lt;/span>&lt;/p>

With its decision numbered 2021/5 E., 2023/2 K. (“Decision“), the Court of Cassation General Assembly on the Unification of Judgements (“Court“) has decided that the application for legal remedy made according to the legal remedy period shown erroneously in the court decisions should be examined. The conclusion of the Decision shall be binding on all courts and judicial and administrative bodies.

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